Prehistoric Americas

The Tolada Mountains rise from the plains of north-eastern Brazil. It's a harsh and inhospitable land, but people have lived here for thousands of years, and they left buried clues to a vanished world - a record of occupation stretching so far back into prehistory that it challenges accepted ideas about when people first reached the New World.

Most archaeologists agree that there were no people in the Americas before 12,000 years ago. But evidence unearthed at Tolada could prove that Man was living in this area tens of thousands of years before that It is a view that would radically change the acknowledged picture of the movements of Prehistoric Man.

The work of prehistoric artists, found at cave sites in the area, can tell us a lot about the kind of world they lived in. There are familiar animals like deer, and exotic ones like the capybara, which today live only in wet, tropical forest. So far, everything suggests that the unique and extensive art decorating the rock shelters developed over a very long period of time.

At the site, archaeologists have started a dig at the base of the painted walls and found a later camp fire, used by the artists. It is dated at 9,500 BC and is a good example of its kind, containing the remnants of ash and charcoal. Animal bones were also found, along with stone tools, especially flint tools. That's significant because the nearest known source of flint is sixteen kilometres away, so it could only have been carried to the camp fire by the people themselves.

A deeper dig into older layers of sediment revealed paintings that had been buried. These were made at around 10,500 BC, which means that they are they oldest known paintings in the Americas.

In the nearby Pilau caves, settlements of around the same age have been unearthed. Camp fires and stone tools have also been found, along with the bones of extinct animals from Giant Sloth and Mammoth to the Sabre Tooth cat, complete with its outsized canines.

At the foot of another cave, they are digging through what was once an Ice Age lake. It is around this area that evidence discovered began to point towards a much earlier settlement of the Americas than has previously been accepted. Successive layers of detriment have been found, dating from as recently as 8,000 BC to as far back as 32,000 and 43,000 BC. Assorted weapons, blades, choppers and some tools, have been discovered, pointing to a date of 48,000 BC for the first occupation of the area.

Land Bridge

The established view, taken from all previous American findings, is that the earliest migration of people into the New World took place in around 10,000 BC. The newcomers would have crossed an Ice Age land bridge connecting Asia with America (known as Beringia - now the Baring Straits), following the great migrating herds of Mammoth, Musk Ox and Caribou. But only when an ice-free corridor through glacier-covered Canada became passable towards the end of the last Ice Age would these people have followed the herds south, towards the Great Plains.

Dozens of sites in the lower North American continent, such as the Clovis site in New Mexico, document the sudden appearance, around 9,500 BC, of a big game hunting culture in the continent. Most of the people wore animal skins and used stone artefacts. Skilfully crafted tools have often been found alongside, or even buried in, the bones of large, extinct animals. Before the Clovis era, there are absolutely no signs of any human habitation whatever.

On the seaward side of southern Chile, at Multi Verde, further settlements have been found and dated to as far back as 30,000 BC. They were created by a vegetarian-type people who were unrelated to the Clovis culture of big game hunting. This seems to strengthen the claim for a much older earliest inhabitation. Coming to America need not have been a chance that was seized only once. Many hundreds of people in small groups may have come across the Baring Straits over a space of thousands of years. It is not known precisely when the land bridge existed, and therefore how long the ice-free corridor was available. But those things become irrelevant if the people were using boats.

Such people could have spread gradually along the coastline because they were already making a living from the sea. Fishing, hunting sea mammals, collecting shellfish, snaring migrating birds would have been their existence. The trouble with this theory is that any evidence of proof or disproof now lies under the Pacific Ocean. Since the Ice Age glaciers began melting, the sea levels have risen. submerging a coastline that was then up to 100 kilometres further offshore.

It is possible that clues to this existence may be found from sister sites to those people's beach habitations, as they may have ventured further up the wide rivers, heading inland to settle in more reachable sites. But much more work is needed before a positive result can be achieved.

Text copyright © Channel 4 Television or affiliates. Reproduction is made on a 'fair dealing' basis for the purpose of disseminating relevant information to a specific audience. No breach of copyright is intended or inferred.