There are a series of regions, or territories, in the British south-east that get
the most fleeting of mentions in various sources, with tantalising glimpses given of some
of the possible kingdoms that existed there in the short gap between Post-Roman
administration and Anglo-Saxon domination.
Brief mentions in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles give a vague picture of how
the war was going, and centres of British resistance can often be deduced from the
location of these battles, and from archaeological evidence.
Caer Gwinntguic
Centered on Caer Gwinntguic (Roman Venta Belgarum in the tribal lands of the
Belgae, modern Winchester in Hampshire), a
pocket of British resistance fought a hard war against the West Saxons here, aided
by and perhaps politically linked to Caer Celemion. Both held out,
semi-isolated in an increasingly Saxon-dominated landscape, forcing West Saxon advances to
head for the north and west. Their eastern border would have been largely protected by the
huge swathe of forest that reached into Kent.
That Winchester had some sort of paramilitary
administrative status at this period is also suggested by the presence of
some unusual burials in the Lankhills cemetery, which shows funerary
practices with a military context and accompanying equipment which was
standard late-Roman army issue.
At Winchester itself, the main south gate of the
Roman city, pointing towards the West Saxons, was so effectively blocked in
two stages during the fifth and sixth centuries by walling and a ditch dug
across the road, that all traffic from the south was forced to use the minor Kingsgate further to the east. To emphasise the degree of change forced on
the city by this, even after it was conquered the main extramural suburb
developed outwards from Kingsgate rather than the original south gate.
Before it was put out of use in this drastic
way the south gate road would have been the direct route between Caer
Gwinntguic and the late Roman fortress at Clausentum (modern Bitterne) nine
miles away near the mouth of the Itchen, close to the Solent. It seems as if
there came a moment in time when the rulers of Caer Gwinntguic and
Clausentum were on opposite sides of an unrecorded conflict.
Not far to the west of Winchester, there are
strong suggestions that Ambrosius Aurelianus possessed "the stronghold of
Ambrosius" remembered in modern Amesbury (Saxon Ambresbyrig, north of
Salisbury and west of Andover). This could have formed the easternmost part of Ambrosius'
Gloucester power base near Caer Celemion's western border.
The sub-Roman ruler in Caer Gwinntguic in the 440s may have been
Elafius, but the names of no
other leaders were recorded. It seems likely that
the region fell to the West Saxons in 552, when they conquered Searoburh (Old
Sarum), taking the whole of Wiltshire in the process. Winchester was a major centre of West Saxon authority from the
moment it was taken, a usage which could have begun in late Roman times as
part of the administrative structure of the Saxon Shore.
This region was probably governed from the modern city of Leicester, the first major stop
south on the Roman Foss Way from
Caer Lind Colun. Its Roman
name was Ratae Coritanorum, and it served as the tribal capital of the Coritani, but little
is known of this area.
It must have fallen very early in the Angle advance
eastwards out of Caer Went, far earlier than some
of the territories around it (especially when compared to the longer-lived
Cynwidion to the south).
It is possible that it did not outlive the existence of the so-called
'Middle Britain' region, and so never had its own local rulers.
By AD 500 the Middil
Engle were heavily infiltrating this region in the form of the Elge,
Spaldingas, Herstingas, Undalum, and Iclingas.
Middle Britain had ceased to exist and whatever local rule may have
existed had been swept away.
One proposal is that Caer Lerion was administered by Linnius, to its immediate north. As
this territory apparently passed peacefully into Angle hands at some point between 460
and 480,it seems likely that Caer Lerion would have followed.
Two possibilities for minor British kingdoms present themselves here, Caer Mincip (Roman
Verulamium, replaced by the nearly settlement of St Albans in Hertfordshire
which was named after the circa AD 301 martyr) & Caer Lundein (Londinium or London, founded by the Romans on the north
bank of the Thames, and based on an earlier Celtic settlement dated to circa 500
BC).
The former is not mentioned by the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, but the latter is
certainly an important base of operations in the fight to re-take
Ceint
during the mid-fifth century. As with Calchwynedd (former
Cynwidion)
and Caer Colun, there are very few Anglo-Saxon remains here,
which suggests that a sub-Roman influence was managing to hold them off until the late sixth
century. Certainly, Saxons had taken the region to the south, named the Suther-ge by the new occupiers. Towards
the end of its British possession, Caer Lundein may well have been absorbed by
Calchwynedd. If this was so, it was not for long.
Evidence points to it being very run
down and perhaps totally abandoned for more than a generation, and it was not in British
hands by AD 600, when the Augustinian mission was refused permission by the East Saxon royal family to establish a
bishop's seat there. The capture of four towns along the Icknield Way in 571 suggest this
as a likely date for the fall of the whole Londinium region.
Caer Went
Not to be confused with the western Caer Went, which evolved into
Gwent. This eastern territory of the Iceni
has the name of its capital, Roman Venta Icenorum (Caistor-by-Norwich, more often known as
Caistor St Edmunds), tentatively adopted as that of the Romano-British kingdom or
administrative region that followed. Never the success of other cantonal capitals, Venta
became increasingly vulnerable to Teutonic raids from the third century, and well-made
protective ramparts were built around it from 240 - 275.
Archaeological digs have proved
that here, as elsewhere along the eastern shore, Anglian and Saxon settlers are to be
found in small communities dating at least a century before 450, so they were doubtless
hired as laeti to aid the British defence of the area. The evidence also proves
that Caer Went's capital ended its life as a deserted ruin, and remains of a possible
massacre have been found nearby (although it cannot be confirmed as such,
and may be the result of the clearance of an earlier cemetery).
The Anglian North and South Folk were becoming established by the
end of the fifth century, and any British power at Caer Went seems to have terminated
around the same time, perhaps as early as AD 500, with formalised Anglian rule under
the East Angles taking
place in around 575.
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