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Hungary
The territory which later came to be called Hungary was generally
Roman-occupied
from 15 BC to circa AD 378. Containing Celtic tribes such as the
Hercuniates, Eravisci, and Anarti, it largely formed the province of Pannonia.
In the late third and early fourth century various barbarian tribes infiltrated
it, including the Rugii. Then
the Huns swept through Eastern
Europe and dominated this area until AD 427. The
Western Roman empire
briefly recaptured it until the Huns once more took control in circa
445. They were followed by the new power in southern and eastern Europe, the
Ostrogoths,
in circa 460, but as they migrated into the Balkans the area became
tribal from about 488-558. The surviving Huns had settled nearby, and it was
their name which was applied to the region in the form of Hungary, while
Germanic tribes such as the Gepids
also occupied northern and eastern areas of it, close to the Carpathians. The
Avars swept in from the Steppes to control Hungary from 558-803, but there was
a break in their rule in the seventh century.
Slovakia was never a kingdom in its own right. For most of its history (906-1918)
it was part of Hungary. Then it was attached to former
Bohemia-Moravia
to form the republic of Czechoslovakia. |
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558 |
The
nomadic Avars assume control of Hungary. |
562 |
The
Avars incur into Austrasia,
forcing the king to move his capital. This attack is repelled, as is another
in about 568. |
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c.625 - c.660 |
The
local Slavs form a kingdom of their own with the intention of expelling
the Avars. The Slav
Kingdom achieves its aim, but is short-lived. |
c.660 - 803 |
The
Avars resume their control of Hungary. |
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Kingdom of Hungary
AD 896 - 1097
The Magyars were Asiatic horsemen from the Steppes. After being defeated
by the Patzinaks in 892, they migrated west to settle in the Dacian lands
most recently controlled by the Avars. They spoke a Uralic language which
is ultimately related to Finnish,
Estonian, and other Siberian languages.
For half a century they plagued Western Europe until defeated by the Germans.
Christianity followed soon after, and Hungary evolved into a feudal state. |
896 - 907 |
Arpad |
Dynasty founder.
Led Magyars into Eastern Europe. |
899 - 900 |
As part of their initial invasion of Europe, the Magyars invade
Italy, possibly at
the prompting of Arnulf, king of Germany.
Berengar refuses a request by them for an armistice but his army is surprised and
routed at the Battle of the Brenta on 24 September 899. The Magyar invasion is
subsequently blocked by the Venetians
at Pellestrina in 900. |
906 |
Urged
on by the Eastern Franconian emperor,
Arnulf, the Magyars destroy the kingdom of
Great Moravia. They then
turn on Western Europe, and for half a century add to the misery of the so-called Second Dark Age. |
907 - 946 |
Zoltan |
|
907 - 955 |
Hungary
controls the territory of Austria. |
933 |
The
Magyars suffer a setback when the
Saxon
king, Henry I, defeats them at Riade. |
946 - 952 |
Val |
Non-dynastic. |
952 - 972 |
Tacsony |
|
955 |
The
Magyars are defeated at Lechfield by the
Germans, under the
Saxon Otto I. They also
effectively lose control of
Austria. |
972 - 997 |
Geza I |
Christianised (975). |
997 - 1038 |
St Stephen I |
First king of Hungary (1001-1038). |
1038 - 1041 |
Peter Urseolo |
Non-dynastic. |
1041 - 1044 |
Samuel Aba |
Non-dynastic. d.1046. |
1044 - 1046 |
Peter Urseolo |
Restored. |
1046 - 1061 |
Andrew I |
Arpads Restored. |
1056 |
Edward the Exile,
the son of
Saxon
King Edmund Ironsides, an atheling (a noble of royal descent) with the
best claim to the throne after Edward, has been living in Hungary.
The childless Edward the Confessor sees him as a possible heir to the
throne, so in 1056 he is persuaded to return, along with his two sons, but
dies on the way in 1057, in the hall of a
Saxon thegn. One of those sons, Edgar, presses his own claim to the
English throne in 1066.
Some texts claim that Edward the Exile has been enjoying the
hospitality of Malesclot, king of the
Rugians, based on this Germanic
tribe's settlement in Lower
Austria in the fifth century. However, this tribe has long since been
absorbed into the
Bavarii
confederation of the sixth century, making this either an invention, or
perhaps confusing a minor Hungarian lord with his regional antecedents. |
1061 - 1063 |
Bela I |
His dau. married king of
Croatia. |
1063 - 1074 |
Solomon |
|
1074 - 1077 |
Geza II |
|
1077 - 1095 |
St Ladislas I |
Son of Bela. Conceded the
Croatian crown. |
1095 - 1097 |
Coloman / Kalman the Learned |
King of Hungary, &
Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1097). |
1097 |
Kalman
defeats Croatian opposition and secures the
Croatian
crown. The title is confirmed in 1102 when Kalman is crowned in Biograd, on the
Dalmatian coast. In principle, Croatia is always governed as a separate
kingdom, rather than a territory belonging to Hungary. |
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Kingdom of Hungary & Croatia
AD 1097 - 1564
Rather than taking over
Croatia as a dominion, the two crowns were seen as being
separate. Croatia maintained its own autonomy. |
1097 - 1114 |
Coloman / Kalman the Learned |
|
1114 - 1131 |
Stephen II |
|
1118 |
War
against the Hungarians sees the
Venetian doge, Ordelaf Falier, killed at the
Battle of Zara. |
1131 - 1141 |
Bela II |
|
1141 - 1161 |
Geza III |
|
1161 - 1162 |
Stephen III |
|
1162 - 1163 |
Ladislas II |
|
1163 |
Stephen IV |
|
1163 - 1172 |
Stephen III |
Restored. |
1170 - 1171 |
Zara
rebels and switches allegiance to the Hungarians, but is re-conquered by
Venice the following year. |
1172 - 1196 |
Bela III |
Controlled
Bosnia (1180). |
1196 - 1204 |
Emeric |
|
1204 - 1205 |
Ladislas III |
|
1205 - 1235 |
Andrew II |
|
1205 - 1214 |
Andrew II defeats Roman Mstislavich the Great and claims the title king of
Galicia and Lodomeria. |
1235 - 1270 |
Bela IV |
|
1241 |
The Mongols
of Batu Khan's
Golden
Horde, aided by Subedei, turn their attention to
Poland and
Hungary, primarily because, during the Mongol invasion of the
Rus
lands, Cumans, Kipchaks, and other nomadic groups fled to Hungary to
seek refuge there. Both Poland and Hungary are conquered, with European defeats at Liegnitz and the
River Sajo (the Battle of Mohi). However, the death of Ogedei Khan causes the Mongols to withdraw,
with Batu Khan intent on securing his conquests in the lands of the
Rus. |
1244 |
Peace
is agreed with Venice, and Bela IV releases the city of Zara back to them. |
1270 - 1272 |
Stephen V |
|
1272 - 1290 |
Ladislas IV |
|
1290 - 1301 |
Andrew III |
Last Arpad. |
1301 - 1305 |
Wenceslas |
Wenceslas II of
Bohemia. |
1305 - 1307 |
Otto |
Otto III of
Bavaria. |
1308 - 1342 |
Charles I of Anjou |
Senator of
Rome
(1263-1284). King of
Sicily (1266-1285). |
1342 - 1382 |
Louis / Ludwik I the Great |
King of
Poland (1370-1382). |
1345 |
Another war
is fought against Venice for the rebel city of Zara. |
1370 - 1382 |
King Kasimierz dies leaving only female issue and a grandson - Louis the
Great. The succession of
Poland has
already been agreed in advance, so Louis is able to claim the throne. On his
death, his daughter Jadwiga succeeds him in Poland while Mary does the same
in Hungary. |
1382 - 1385 |
Mary / Maria of Anjou |
Married
Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund. |
1385 - 1386 |
Charles II of Anjou |
Charles III of
Naples (1382-1386). |
1386 - 1395 |
Mary / Maria of Anjou |
Restored. Ruled jointly with her husband. |
1386 - 1437 |
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Sigismund of Luxembourg |
Holy Roman Emperor. King of
Bohemia (1419-1437). |
1415 |
At
least from this time onwards, the Hungarian territory of
Transylvania
is ruled by local princes under Hungarian overlordship. |
1437 - 1439 |
Albert of Austria |
Archduke of Austria
& king of Bohemia (1437-1439). |
1439 - 1440 |
Interregnum.
The title is claimed by Ladislas of
Bohemia, but contested by Vladislav of
Poland. |
1440 - 1444 |
Vladislav I Jagiello |
Wladyslav VI King of
Poland (1434-1444). |
1444 - 1457 |
Ladislas V |
Lasislas I Posthumus,
king of Bohemia (1439-1457). |
1458 - 1490 |
Matthais Corvinus |
Non-dynastic. |
1490 |
The
Lithuanian Jagiello dynasty, which already rules in
Poland and
Bohemia,
expands its influence even further when Ladislas II of Bohemia gains the
Hungarian throne. His successor is a member of the same dynasty. |
1490 - 1516 |
Ladislas VI |
Ladislas II Vladimir
Jagiello, king of Bohemia (1471-1516). |
1509 |
The League of Cambrai is formed with
France,
Castile, Hungary,
the Papal States, the
Holy Roman empire, and Ferrara
against Venice. Venice is defeated at Agnadello. |
1516 - 1526 |
Louis II |
Louis, king of
Bohemia (1516-1526). Killed by
Turks. |
1526 |
Following devastating defeat at the Battle of Mohács and the death of Louis
II of Hungary and Bohemia, Hungary
loses the principality of Transylvania
to the Ottomans.
The Habsburgs inherit Hungary
from the
Lithuanian Jagiellos, but are opposed by the Zapolyas. It is
unclear how much power the latter actually hold. |
1526 - 1540 |
John I Zapolya |
|
1540 - 1571 |
John II Zapolya |
|
1526 - 1564 |
Ferdinand of Austria |
King of
Bohemia (1526-1564). |
|
1564 - 1918 |
Control of
Bohemia,
Moravia, Hungary and Croatia
is taken
fully by the Habsburgs as
Holy Roman emperors. |
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Modern Hungary
AD 1918 - Present Day
On 1 November 1918, Hungary extracted itself as an
independent kingdom from the collapse of the former
Austro-Hungarian
empire at the end of the First World War. |
1918 - 1920 |
Hungary
is recreated as an independent state by the World War I victors. It loses
its Slovak territory to the new state of
Czechoslovakia, while
Transylvania is passed to Rumania. |
1920 - 1945 |
A fascist regency is established. |
1945 - 1989 |
The Second Republic
is a
Soviet-controlled one. |
1989 |
Soviet
influence on Eastern Europe collapses. A new democratic republic is
established. |
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