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Hungary
The territory which later came to be called Hungary was
Roman-occupied
from 15 BC to circa AD 378. Then the
Huns
swept through large areas of Eastern Europe, and dominated this area until
427. The Western Roman Empire recaptured it until the Huns once more took
control in circa 445. They were followed by the new power in Southern and
Eastern Europe, the Ostrogoths,
in circa 460, but as their power waned the area became tribal from 488-558.
The surviving Huns had settled nearby, and it was their name which was
applied to the region in the form of Hungary. The Avars swept in from the
Steppes to control Hungary from 558-803, but there was a break in their
rule in the seventh century.
Slovakia was never a kingdom in its own right. For most of its history (906-1918)
it was part of Hungary. Then it was attached to former
Bohemia-Moravia
to form the Republic of Czechoslovakia. |
558 - c.625 |
The Avars control Hungary. |
c.625 - c.660 |
The
local Slavs form a kingdom of their own with the intention of expelling
the Avars. The Slav
Kingdom achieves its aim, but is short lived. |
c.660 - 803 |
The
Avars resume their control Hungary. |
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Kingdom of Hungary
AD 896 - 1097
The Magyars were Asiatic horsemen from the Steppes. After being defeated
by the Patzinaks in 892, they migrated west to settle in the Dacian lands
most recently controlled by the Avars. They spoke a Uralic language which
is ultimately related to Finnish,
Estonian, and other Siberian languages.
For half a century they plagued Western Europe until defeated by the Germans.
Christianity followed soon after, and Hungary evolved into a feudal state. |
896 - 907 |
Arpad |
Dynasty founder.
Led Magyars into Eastern Europe. |
906 |
Urged
on by the Eastern Franconian emperor,
Arnulf, the Magyars destroy the kingdom of
Great Moravia. They then
turn on Western Europe, and for half a century add to the misery of the so-called Second Dark Age. |
907 - 946 |
Zoltan |
|
907 - 955 |
Hungary
controls the territory of Austria. |
933 |
The
Magyars suffer a setback when the
Saxon
king, Henry I, defeats them at Riade. |
946 - 952 |
Val |
Non-dynastic. |
952 - 972 |
Tacsony |
|
955 |
The
Magyars are defeated at Lechfield by the
Germans, under the
Saxon Otto I. They also
effectively lose control of
Austria. |
972 - 997 |
Geza I |
Christianised (975). |
997 - 1038 |
St Stephen I |
First king of Hungary (1001-1038). |
1038 - 1041 |
Peter Urseolo |
Non-dynastic. |
1041 - 1044 |
Samuel Aba |
Non-dynastic. d.1046. |
1044 - 1046 |
Peter Urseolo |
Restored. |
1046 - 1061 |
Andrew I |
Arpads Restored. |
1061 - 1063 |
Bela I |
His dau. married king of
Croatia. |
1063 - 1074 |
Solomon |
|
1074 - 1077 |
Geza II |
|
1077 - 1095 |
St Ladislas I |
Son of Bela. Conceded the
Croatian crown. |
1095 - 1097 |
Coloman / Kalman the Learned |
King of Hungary, &
Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1097). |
1097 |
Kalman
defeats Croatian opposition and secures the
Croatian
crown. The title is confirmed in 1102 when Kalman is crowned in Biograd, on the
Dalmatian coast. In principle, Croatia is always governed as a separate
kingdom, rather than a territory belonging to Hungary. |
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Kingdom of Hungary & Croatia
AD 1097 - 1564
Rather than taking over Croatia as a dominion, the two crowns were seen as being
separate. Croatia maintained its own autonomy. |
1097 - 1114 |
Coloman / Kalman the Learned |
|
1114 - 1131 |
Stephen II |
|
1131 - 1141 |
Bela II |
|
1141 - 1161 |
Geza III |
|
1161 - 1162 |
Stephen III |
|
1162 - 1163 |
Ladislas II |
|
1163 |
Stephen IV |
|
1163 - 1172 |
Stephen III |
Restored. |
1172 - 1196 |
Bela III |
Controlled
Bosnia (1180). |
1196 - 1204 |
Emeric |
|
1204 - 1205 |
Ladislas III |
|
1205 - 1235 |
Andrew II |
|
1235 - 1270 |
Bela IV |
|
1270 - 1272 |
Stephen V |
|
1272 - 1290 |
Ladislas IV |
|
1290 - 1301 |
Andrew III |
Last Arpad. |
1301 - 1305 |
Wenceslas |
Wenceslas II of
Bohemia. |
1305 - 1307 |
Otto |
Otto III of
Bavaria. |
1308 - 1342 |
Charles I of Anjou |
Also king of
Sicily (1266-1285). |
1342 - 1382 |
Louis / Ludwik I the Great |
Also king of
Poland (1370-1382). |
1382 - 1385 |
Mary / Maria of Anjou |
Married
Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund. |
1385 - 1386 |
Charles II of Anjou |
Charles III of
Naples (1382-1386). |
1386 - 1395 |
Mary / Maria of Anjou |
Restored. Ruled jointly with her husband. |
1386 - 1437 |
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Sigismund of Luxembourg |
Holy Roman Emperor. King of
Bohemia (1419-1437). |
1415 |
At
least from this time onwards, the Hungarian territory of
Transylvania
is ruled by local princes under Hungarian overlordship. |
1437 - 1439 |
Albert of Austria |
Also
Archduke of Austria
& king of Bohemia (1437-1439). |
1439 - 1440 |
Interregnum.
The title is claimed by Ladislas of
Bohemia, but contested by Vladislav of
Poland. |
1440 - 1444 |
Vladislav I Jagiello |
Wladyslav VI King of
Poland (1434-1444). |
1444 - 1457 |
Ladislas V |
Lasislas I Posthumus,
king of Bohemia (1439-1457). |
1458 - 1490 |
Matthais Corvinus |
Non-dynastic. |
1490 - 1516 |
Ladislas VI |
Ladislas II Vladimir
Jagiello, king of Bohemia (1471-1516). |
1516 - 1526 |
Louis II |
Louis, king of
Bohemia (1516-1526). Killed by
Turks. |
1526 |
Hungary
loses the Principality of Transylvania
to the Ottomans.
The Habsburgs inherit Hungary, but are opposed by the Zapolyas. It is
unclear how much power the latter actually hold. |
1526 - 1540 |
John I Zapolya |
|
1540 - 1571 |
John II Zapolya |
|
1526 - 1564 |
Ferdinand of Austria |
King of
Bohemia (1526-1564). |
|
1564 |
Control of
Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary
& Croatia taken
fully by the Habsburgs as Holy Roman Emperors. |
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1918 - 1920 |
Hungary
is recreated as an independent state by the World War I victors. |
1920 - 1945 |
A fascist regency is established. |
1945 - 1989 |
Second Communist Republic. |
1989 |
Soviet
influence on Eastern Europe collapses. A new democratic republic is
established. |
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