Napoleonic Europe

The remains of 2,000 men unearthed in a mass grave in Lithuania were members of Napoleon's army that invaded Russia 190 years ago.

When bulldozers accidentally uncovered the remains at a housing development last year, many thought they were political dissidents executed by secret police during Soviet rule, which ended in 1991.

But Arunas Barkus, an anthropologist at the University of Vilnius, Lithuania's capital, and a dozen other researchers were able to determine the identity of the skeletons.

Deputy French Ambassador Olivier Poupard said the find was the "largest and most significant" of its kind.

"We've been very moved by this discovery," he said. "Suddenly, history was more vivid. You could see it with your eyes... It's a history so much a part of the collective French memory," he told the Associated Press news agency.

Mr Barkus and his team spent months charting and tagging the skeletons - then examining each individually to determine age, sex and possible cause of death.

Coins with Napoleon's image and buttons of his Grand Army were also found at the site, making it clear the remnants were those of the ill-fated French force.

Several bones belonged to boys as young as 15, probably drummers used to signal commands to troops.

Many of the skeletons were found curled up and undamaged, suggesting they were killed by cold, not cannonballs, bullets or bayonets.

DNA tests are being done to test the theory that a lot of men died of typhus.

With the last remains removed, a road has been built over the site, but archaeologists will soon begin searching again, saying at least 10,000 other skeletons could be nearby.

Since Napoleon's soldiers came from all over his empire, there was never a question of returning the remains to France, said Mr Poupard.

Most of the remains await ceremonial burial in October, and a monument paid for by France will be unveiled later.

"This is an occasion, especially with Lithuania on the verge of entering the European Union and the Nato alliance, to show reconciliation between former enemies that are now partners," Mr Poupard said.

Grand Army rout

Emperor Napoleon, who then controlled much of Europe, attacked Russia in June 1812.

His 500,000-strong Grand Army, which marched into Lithuania bound for Moscow, was one of the largest invasion forces ever assembled.

Six months later, what was left of it - some 40,000 men - stumbled back into Vilnius in retreat.

Cold and desperate for food, some are said to have pillaged local medical schools to eat preserved human organs.

In temperatures dropping to -30C, dead French soldiers littered the streets within days.

The number of corpses nearly equalled the city's population.

Thrown in trench

Reoccupying Russians spent three months cleaning up.

They could not dig graves in the frozen ground so they tried burning bodies, but the smoke and stench were unbearable.

So they threw them into a defensive trench dug earlier by the French themselves - the trench the bulldozers uncovered nearly two centuries later.

The emperor blamed the weather for decimating his army.

Some historians say that was an attempt to excuse sloppy planning.

But experts say the findings in Vilnius seem to back Napoleon's version.

The debacle is viewed as the beginning of Napoleon's downfall, which was sealed at Waterloo, in Belgium, in 1815.

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