History Files
 

Supporting the History Files

Contributed: £175

Target: £400

2023
Totals slider
2023

The History Files still needs your help. As a non-profit site, it is only able to support such a vast and ever-growing collection of information with your help, and this year your help is needed more than ever. Please make a donation so that we can continue to provide highly detailed historical research on a fully secure site. Your help really is appreciated.

Near East Kingdoms

Ancient Mesopotamia

 

Hurrian Kingdom of Arrapha / Arrapkha (Mesopotamia)

The Hurrians (or Khurrites) were neither Semitics nor Indo-Europeans but their origins are obscure. They appear to have emerged in the Near East between 2500-2000 BC, probably from the European Caucasus mountains to the north of Mesopotamia (which would link them to Georgia and Maeotians, plus others), to occupy the upper Tigris Valley and the upper Euphrates (close to the Assyrians).

This area had previously been the centre of the Chalcolithic Halaf culture. The end of the Akkadian empire at the hands of the Gutians at the start of the twenty-second century BC enabled the Hurrians to gain control of regions of northern Mesopotamia with no one apparently able to oppose them.

Both Sumer and Egypt endured a short (climate-induced) dark age at this time. Records-keeping suffered, and short-lived dynasties or non-dynastic rulers emerged in cities such as Agade.

From the beginning of the second millennium BC, Hurrians seemingly took control of what had been the Assyrian city of Arrapha (now known as Kirkuk, itself a derivative of the Assyrian name). They settled there as a majority population, perhaps at the expense of an existing or retreating Assyrian population. The city is located in what is now northern Iraq, about two hundred-and-fifty kilometres north of Baghdad, near the foot of the Zagros Mountains in Kurdistan.

Not long after the first Hurrian cities were founded at Urkesh and Nawar in the Khabur Valley, Arrapha was 'founded' (a common term for a new group taking control of an old city) circa 2000 BC beside the River Hasa, in a region which contains archaeological remains which date back another thousand years before that.

For a time it was subject to Mitanni overlordship while these later incomers temporarily dominated the Hurrians, but the city reached its greatest prominence in the eleventh and tenth centuries BC after it had been returned to Assyrian rule. Unfortunately, as for most things concerning the earlier Hurrians, not much is known about them except through archaeology.

Assyrian kings

(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from Historical Atlas of the Ancient World, 4,000,000 to 500 BC, John Haywood (Barnes & Noble, 2000), from The Ancient Near East, c.3000-330 BC, Amélie Kuhrt (Volumes I & II, Routledge, 2000), from The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History, Colon McEvedy (which misses the period 1600-1300 BC but shows a Mitanni kingdom in 1300-1000 BC, by which time it had certainly disappeared - Penguin Books, 1967, revised 2002), from Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, Michael Road (Facts on File, 2000), from Ancient Iraq, Georges Roux (Penguin Books, 1992), from The Hurrians, Gernot Wilhelm (Aris & Philips Warminster 1989), from Naming Names: The 2004 Season of Excavations at Ancient Urkesh, Giorgio & Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (via the Institute of Archaeology, UCLA), from A History of the Ancient Near East c.3000-323 BC, Marc van der Mieroop (Blackwell Publishing, 2004, 2007), from Notes to Recently Published Nuzi Texts, E A Speiser (Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 55, No 4, pp432-443, Dec 1935), from A Letter of Saushshatar and the Date of the Kirkuk Tablets, E A Speiser (Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol 49, pp269-275, 1929), and from External Link: Nuzi (Alchetron).)

c.2000 BC

Having emerged as a recognisable group during the short dark age of the twenty-second century BC, the Hurrians have already founded kingdoms at Urkesh and Nawar, based around the two cities of the same name in northern Mesopotamia.

Map of Mesopotamia c.2000-16000 BC
This general map of Mesopotamia and its neighbouring territories roughly covers the period between 2000-1600 BC. It reveals the concentration of city states in Sumer, in the south (click or tap on map to view full sized)

Around this time, 2000 BC, they also form the small state of Arrapha in the same region, seemingly after coming to dominate the city to provide its majority population, possibly at the expense of Assyrians who could previously have dominated here. This state also includes the nearby city of Nuzi, which is governed by a mayor who is dependent upon Arrapha.

c.1450 BC

Despite having been defeated by Tuthmosis III of Egypt at the Battle of Megiddo, Barattarna of Mitanni is still powerful enough to make Arrapha to his east a vassal state by this date.

Again despite having lost the state of Amurru and several other Mitanni subjects in southern Syria, the Mitanni continue to be an important geopolitical power in the ancient Near East.

Map of Anatolia and Environs 1550 BC
A short dark age followed the Hittite collapse and the creation of power vacuums in Babylonia and Syria (caused by the Hittites) during the sixteenth century BC (click or tap on map to view full sized)

fl c.1430s BC

Ithiya

King of Arrapha, vassal of Saushtatar of Mitanni.

c.1440 - 1410 BC

Ithiya is mentioned on a seal which has been sent to him by Saushtatar, ruler of Mitanni and son of Parshatatar. It discusses the reorganisation of the governorship of several regional towns - which Ithiya is to enact - while also making it clear that these governors shall not encroach upon one another's territory and none of them shall encroach upon the territory of Arrapha.

From this it seems clear that Ithiya acknowledges Mitanni as his overlord, acts as Mitanni's key representative in the Arrapha region to the east of Mitanni, and also allows an approximate date to be given to his reign. Ashur, which lies on the road from Mitanni to Arrapha is not mentioned at all, showing that the Assyrians are still a very minor, subject group.

Nuzi map
The town of Gasur (shown here in an archaeological sketch) was apparently founded during the Akkadian empire period in the late third millennium BC, before being taken over by Hurrians who renamed it Nuzi.

Kibi Teshup / Kipi-te's'up?

Ruler, or simply the father of a ruler?

Ithi-Teshup / Ithi-tess'up

Son.

Ithi-Teshup is mentioned on a seal which is found by archaeologists at Arrapha's subsidiary town of Nuzi. He is the son of Kibi Teshup and king of Arrapha. Whether is father is or had been king of Arrapha is unclear. Ithi-Teshup claims the protection of the gods Adad and Ishtar of Lubdi. A date for his reign cannot be produced, but it would appear to fall in the period between about 1450-1300 BC.

c.1350 BC

Perhaps a decade before this date the Hurrians of Mitanni had been devastatingly defeated by the Hittites in a shock reversal of fortunes. Also losing territory in Syria to the Hittites, the Hurrians now became Hittite vassals and their kingdom rapidly declines.

Mitanni warriors
Mitanni warriors are shown here dressed in a typical northern Mesopotamian costume which they most likely picked up following their arrival in the region in the 1600s BC

A confused period develops with rival claimants and short-lived rulers hastening the process of decline. Tushratta of Mitanni is assassinated around this time, possibly by his successor.

This sparks a fresh dynastic struggle which allows the resurgent Assyrians to reclaim the important administrative centre of Nuzi on the edge of the kingdom. It seems likely that Arrapha is lost at the same time when it is destroyed by the Assyrians.

 
Images and text copyright © all contributors mentioned on this page. An original king list page for the History Files.