European Kingdoms

Lucani (Italics)

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What are generally known as West Indo-European tribes arrived at the eastern edge of Central Europe around 2500 BC. Their northern group later became the proto-Celts of the Urnfield culture while the southern group seemingly migrated westwards and southwards, reaching Iberia, Illyria, and northern Italy.

Already further divided into semi-isolated tribes, they became more civilised in their habits and available forms of technology due to contact with southern Greeks and Etruscans. In the period between the eleventh to eighth centuries BC some of those groups in Illyria crossed by sea into the Italian peninsula and settled along the south-eastern coast.

Those who had entered peninsular Italy via the north Italian piedmont gradually migrated southwards to occupy much of the rest of eastern and central Italy. These tribes all formed part of a general group which are known as Italics, seemingly part of the main population of West Indo-Europeans prior to the emergence of Celtic culture.

The Lucani group of Italics during the Italian Iron Age were located in the modern region of Campania, on the western side of southern-central Italy. They were neighboured by Etruscans and by the Hirpini clan of the Samnites to the north, by the Iapyges to the east, the Oenotri and Chones to the south-east, and the Brutii to the south.

The Oscan-Umbrian group of which the Lucani were part are largely accepted as being Indo-Europeans (perhaps proto-Celts) who migrated into the peninsula from the north in the eleventh to eighth centuries BC. Along with other ancient writers, Strabo and Pliny claim the Sabini as a division of the Opici.

They also state that the Picentes and Samnites were originally tribes of the Sabellians, a collective of central Italian Iron Age tribes. They comprised the Marrucini, Marsi, Sabini, and Vestini. More specifically, the Picentes and Samnites may have been a division of the Sabini. Writers frequently link one to the other, sometimes referring to the Samnites as Sabellus, seemingly as an umbrella term for their origin. From the Samnites were descended the Lucani, and from the Lucani the Brutii.

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(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information by Edward Dawson and Anne S E Wittelsbürger, from Samnium and the Samnites, E T Salmon, from Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, Vol 3, Issue 1, James Cowles Prichard, from Pliny's Natural History in Thirty-Seven Books, Volumes 1-3, Pliny (the Elder), from An Historical Geography of Europe, Norman J G Pounds (Abridged Version), from The Roman History: From Romulus and the Foundation of Rome to the Reign of the Emperor Tiberius, Velleius Paterculus, J C Yardley, & Anthony A Barrett, from A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry, David K Faux, from The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, David W Anthony, from The History of Rome, Volume 1, Titus Livius (translated by Rev Canon Roberts), from The Histories, Herodotus (Penguin, 1996), from Encyclopaedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition, Cambridge (England), 1910), from Encyclopaedia of the Roman Empire, Matthew Bunson (1994), from Paleo-Balkan Languages, V Neroznak, from Ancient Languages of the Balkans, R Katicic, from The Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, M Fasmer, from Basic Romance Linguistics, E Bourcier, from Research in Popular Latin and its links with Romance languages, N Korletyanu, from Brief Historical Grammar of the Latin Language, W Lindsey, from The Corpus of Oscan Inscriptions, I Tsvetaev, from A Historical Grammar of the Latin Language, I Tronsky, and from External Links: The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe (Nature), and Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe (Nature.com), and Indo-European Chronology - Countries and Peoples, and Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, J Pokorny, and Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, William Smith (1854, Perseus Digital Library), and The Natural History, Pliny the Elder (John Bostock, Ed), and Geography, Strabo (H C Hamilton & W Falconer, London, 1903, Perseus Online Edition), and L'Arbre Celtique (The Celtic Tree, in French), and Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz or Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse or Dizionario Storico dell Svizzera (in German, French, and Italian respectively), and Le Alpi (Università di Trento), and Pleiades (Ancient World Mapping Center and Institute for the Study of the Ancient World).)

12th century BC?

Legendary founder of the Lucani (but see c.550 BC).

10th century BC

According to Thucydides, the arrival of the more warlike Oenotri and Opici in northern Calabria triggers the migration of the Elymi, Itali, and Siculi into the 'toe' of Italy and onto Sicily. Antiochus of Syracuse, writing around 420 BC, confirms this.

The territory in which the Lucani were settled in the fourth to first centuries BC - the Campania in south-western Italy - lay immediately to the south of Mount Vesuvius

The migration would seem to be the trigger for the Lucani to enter the modern regions of southern Campania and Basilicata. Separating themselves from the main body of Samnites, of which they are a part, they form a new group in southern Italy.

c.700 BC

Shortly after the start of the Golasecca I B period the Oenotri are pushed out of their settlement at Metabon on the Gulf of Taranto by Greek settlers who found the colony of Metapontum on the site. The Oenotri are forced to move inland, and it is probably at this time that they infringe on the territory of the Lucani.

The Chones, similarly pushed off the coast by the colony of Sybaris, would also appear to infringe on Lucani territory, as Strabo later writes that the land which has been named after the Lucani (Lucania, much of modern Basilicata) contains none of their number. Instead it is entirely possessed by the Chones and Oenotri. The Lucani are pushed north-westwards, buffering against the Samnites.

This map shows not only the greatest extent of Etruscan influence in Italy, during the seventh to fifth centuries BC, but also Gaulish intrusion to the north, which compressed Etruscan borders there (click or tap on map to view on a separate page)

c.600 - 550 BC

Pliny does not state that the Lucani are named after Lucius. In Book III he merely says '...the Lucani, descended from the Samnites, under their leader, Lucius.' The suggestion here leans far more to a man named Lucius who currently leads the tribe.

However, many other, modern sources seem to repeat the tale that he had been the original leader of the Lucani without any apparent justification for such a claim, while also ignoring the legendary presence of Lamiscus (see above), so it has to be included here for reasons of completeness. How true it may be, given that Pliny does not directly support it, is open to question.

fl c.550 BC

Legendary 'founder' of the Lucani - more probably a later leader.

390 BC

The Lucani score a significant victory when they defeat the Thurii (or Thurians) at a location near the River Laus. The Thurii had formed a Greek, mostly Athenian, colony on the Gulf of Taranto, close to Sybaris. The Lucani seize the country to the south of the Laus and begin to settle it, but perhaps only sparsely.

The Battle of Cunaxa saw the end of just one in a number of internal Persian revolts that often involved thousands of troops on either side, although in this case the presence of a large body of Greek mercenaries should have been an indicator of the future threat the Greeks would become

356 BC

By this time the Lucani have lost their southern territory to the Brutii. This new group is formed of Lucani members who have apparently revolted and seized the region below the River Laus, close to the Tyrrhenian Sea, and over to the River Crathis, close to the Gulf of Tarentum.

334 - 331 BC

At the request of the embattled Greek colony of Taras, Alexander I Molossus embarks with a force of Epirotes, Macedonians, and Tarantines to Italy. He fights the Brutii and Lucani, and in 332 BC defeats an alliance of Lucani and Samnites near Paestum.

In the same year he concludes a treaty with the Romans and continues battling against the other Italic peoples. He captures Heraclea from the Lucani and then Sipontum and Terina from the Brutii but, having been forced to accept battle at Pandosia (in Calabria), he is killed by a Lucani exile.

The defeat is a significant one as it marks the end of any new Greek colonisation in Italy and teaches the Italians how to defeat the phalanx, which is completely outmanoeuvred on rocky ground by the fast-moving Italics.

A Greek coin from a colony on the coast of Brutii territory, with the head of Athena complete with Corinthian helmet on the left

325 - 304 BC

Rome fights the Second Samnite War against the Samnites in 325 BC. During this period the Marsi ally themselves to the Romans, while the Dauni, Iapyges, Lucani, Messapii, and Peucetii side with the Samnites.

When the Samnites are defeated, so are their allies, and all of them are subjugated by Rome. This period proves to be the end for the Golasecca culture within the Italian Iron Age.

298 BC

According to Livy, the Lucani agree an alliance with Rome. This allows Rome to capture the Greek colonies of Venusia in 291 BC (located in the north of the modern region of Basilicata), and then Poseidonia (Latin Paestum, in Campania) and Tarentum in 273 and 272 BC respectively.

282 - 278 BC

The growing power of Rome has saved the Greek colony of Thurii from being overwhelmed by the Italics, but the colony of Tarentum intervenes, sinking some of the Roman ships. Rome declares war on Tarentum, but Pyrrhus of Epirus declares for Tarentum, as do many of the southern Italic peoples, including the Brutii, Lucani, and Samnites.

The ancient River Liris (now divided into the Liri and the Gari) along its upper length was an early home to the Volsci, and later formed Rome's border with the Samnites

A few years later these three Italic tribes send auxiliaries to the army of Pyrrhus, but following his withdrawal in 278 BC to conquer Syracuse they face Rome's might alone.

278 - 272 BC

In six years of further campaigning, Generals Gaius Fabricius Luscinus and Lucius Papirius inflict defeat after defeat on the Italic tribes until they are subdued (by 272 BC) and forced to concede half of the forest of Sila, which is a valuable source of timber, in exchange for peace.

218 - 202 BC

The Second Punic War is fought against Carthage. Rome is aided by its Etruscan, Picene, and Umbrian forces, but Italy is invaded by Hannibal Barca and a Roman army is massacred at the Battle of Cannae, killing sixty thousand.

The Lucani (an Hirpini) side with the Carthaginians, but both the main protagonists ravage the region over the course of more than one campaign during the war. Roman authority is eventually renewed and Lucania declines as a result of the devastation.

This Lucanian coin shows the head of Heracles on the left, wearing a leopard skin headdress, and Athena on the right holding a shield, which can be dated to 207-204 BC

91 - 89 BC

Along with the Etruscans, Iapyges, Marrucini, Marsi, Paeligni, Picentes, and Vestini, the Lucani fight the Social War against Rome in which Rome's allies strive for, and are eventually granted, citizenship. The Lucani fight against Rome, but their final defeat finishes them off as a people capable of offering any further resistance to complete Roman integration.

The region declines generally, with the population of the former Greek coastal colonies becoming reduced and wide swathes of land being abandoned to pasture and forest growth.

91 - 89 BC

Commanded the Lucani during the Social War.

73 - 71 BC

A slave named Spartacus leads a slave revolt in southern Italy. His numbers are swelled by more and more slaves joining his forces in what is known as the Third Servile War, but he is eventually defeated by Crassus in battles at Brundisium, Lucania, and Silarus.

Rome's republic was usually headed by two consuls and the Senate, but on a very few occasions the post was replaced, usually by military appointments

Over six thousand slaves are crucified along the Via Appia. Pompey gains the final victory over the remaining slave force and the credit in Rome, while Crassus is almost forgotten.