European Kingdoms

Independent Duchy of Benevento
AD 571 - 774

This and the duchy of Spoleto were initially part of the Lombard kingdom. Both were Lombard states in southern Italy below the exarchate of Ravenna.

571 - 591

Zottone

591 - 641

Arechi I

641 - 642

Aione I

642 - 647

Radoaldo

647 - 662

Grimoaldo I

662 - 687

Romoaldo I

687 - 689

Grimoaldo II

689 - 706

Gisulf I

706 - 731

Rimoaldo II

731 - 732

Andelais

732 - 739

Gregory

739 - 742

Godescalco

742 - 751

Gisulf II

751 - 758

Liutprand

758 - 774

Arechi II

Elevated to prince.

774

With the collapse of the kingdom of the Lombards, part of the duchy is transferred to Papal control. The rest is annexed to the Frankish empire and elevated to a Principality.

Principality of Benevento
AD 774 - 1053

774 - 788

Arechi II

First prince.

788 - 806

Grimoaldo III

c.790

The principality is attacked by Byzantium, but the attack is repelled with Frankish aid.

806 - 817

Grimoaldo IV

817 - 832

Sicone

832 - 839

Sicardo

839 - 853

Radelchi I

853 - 878

Adelchi

878 - 881

Gaideri

881 - 884

Radelchi II

884 - 890

Aione II

890 - 897

Interregnum.

897 - 900

Radelchi II

Restored.

900 - 910

Atenulf

910 - 943

Landulf I

943 - 961

Landulf II

943 - 959

Pandulf I

959 - 968

Landulf III

961 - 981

Pandulf I

c.962

The Saxon king, Otto I, subdues Italy and appropriates the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The imperial crown is now vested in the name of what later becomes Germany.

968 - 981

Landulf IV

981 - 1014

Pandulf II

987 - 1053

Landulf V

1013 - 1053

Pandulf III

1053

The Normans of Sicily conquer Benevento.

1139

Benevento becomes an outlying possession of the Papal States.

1806

The French First Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte attaches Benevento to the kingdom of Naples.

Independent Duchy of Spoleto
c.AD 570 - 776

A minor Lombard state in southern Italy, Spoleto has a fairly obscure history. It shared three of its rulers with the kingdom of the Lombards, and as such, was tied more closely to the kingdom than was Benevento.

c.570 - 584

Faroald I

590/1 - 600/1

Ariulf

? - c.665

Atto

c.665 - 703

Transamund I

703 - after 720

Faroald II

c.720 - 739

Transamund II

739 - 740

Hilderic

740 - 742

Transamund II

Restored?

742 - 744

Agiprand

744 - c.745

Transamund II

Restored?

c.745 - 751

Lupus

751 - 756

Aistulf of Friuli

King of the Lombards (749-756).

756 - 757

Ratchis of Friuli

King of the Lombards (744-749).

757 - 758

Alboin

758 - 759

Daufer, Desiderius of Brescia

King of the Lombards (756-774).

759 - 761

Gisulf

c.768

Theodicius

774 - c.776

Hildeprand

776

The duchy falls to the Franks.

842

Duchy is resurrected by the Franks as a dependent margraviate.

c.949

Berengar II, king of the Italian Franks, and Holy Roman Emperor, takes Spoleto from its final margrave. Otto I, HRE, later adjoins it to the Papal States.