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Islamic Empire
AD 622 - 1258 |
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THE HIJRAH (ISLAMIC HISTORICAL) ERA |
622 - 632 |
Muhammed |
Begins on 16 July
622. |
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RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS |
632 - 634 |
Abu Bakr |
Assumes the title
Khalifah, "successor" to the Prophet. |
634 - 644 |
Umar ibn al-Khattab |
|
636 - 652 |
Eastern Roman Emperor
Heraclius is defeated, and
Palestine
and Phoenicia are conquered in 636 and 637 respectively. Mesopotamia
is conquered from the Persians in 637, and the
Persians are defeated in 642.
Jerusalem falls in
638. Former Seleucid and Roman Syria
and
Egypt
are taken in 640. The Georgian kingdom of
Iberia
is taken in 645, and Persia is overrun by 651. An attempted invasion of the
Kingdom of
Dongola is repulsed in 652. |
644 - 656 |
Uthman |
Of the Umayyad Clan. |
656 - 661 |
Ali ibn abi Talib |
Son-in-law/cousin of Muhammed. |
655 - 661 |
Ali is the second historical follower of Islam. Some Muslims see him as one
of several possible leaders while others believe him to be divine. The
Sunni/Shia split in Islam is created and for two decades
around
these
 years there are civil wars in Arabia. |
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UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
AD 661 - 750
Capital: Damascus. |
661 - 680 |
Mu'awiya I |
Assumed caliphate upon the death of Ali. |
674 - 677 |
The capital moves to
Damascus. An Arab aristocratic government is established there. The empire also
besieges
Constantinople. |
680 - 683 |
Yazid I |
|
683 - 684 |
Mu'awiya II |
|
684 - 685 |
Marwan I |
|
682 |
Byzantine territory in
Morocco falls to the Islamic Empire. |
685 - 705 |
Abd al Malik |
|
698 |
The
Byzantine
North African territories in
Algeria and
Tunisia fall to
the Islamic Empire. The Dome of the Rock is built in
Jerusalem. |
705 - 715 |
al Walid I |
|
705 |
Armenia falls to
the Islamic Empire. |
711 |
Visigothic Spain falls,
signalling the end of the Visigoths. The Arabs build the Omayyad Mosque in Damascus. |
715 - 717 |
Sulayman |
|
717 - 718 |
The siege of
Constantinople
takes place. |
717 - 720 |
Umar II |
|
720 - 724 |
Yazid II |
|
724 - 743 |
Hisham |
Grandfather of the
first Omayyid Amir of Spain. |
c.740 |
?Khirbat al-Mafjar |
|
743 - 744 |
al Walid II |
|
744 |
Yazid III |
|
744 |
Ibrahim |
|
744 - 750 |
Marwan II |
|
751 |
The Battle of Talas. The
T'ang Dynasty Chinese
is defeated, but no further advance into Central Asia is made. The
Omayyads are
overthrown and massacred (except in Spain, where they continue to rule independent of the
rest of the Islamic Empire) in the Abbasid revolution. This
signals the end of the Arab Empire. The equality of all Moslems is established. |
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ABBASID CALIPHATE
AD 750 - 1258
Capital: Baghdad. |
750 - 754 |
Abdullah as Saffah (Abu al-Abbas) |
|
754 - 775 |
Abdullah al Mansur (Abu Jafar al-Mansur) |
|
775 - 785 |
Muhammad al Mahdi |
|
785 - 786 |
Musa al Hadi |
|
786 - 809 |
Harun al Rashid |
|
788 |
The
Idrasids flee from the caliph and take control of
Morocco. |
800 |
The Aghlabid Amirs of Tunisia & Algeria
assume autonomous rule. |
809 - 813 |
Muhammad al Amin |
|
813 - 833 |
Abdullah al Ma'mun |
|
821 |
The Tahirid
Emirs of Khurasan are granted a degree
of autonomy. At around the same time the island of
Cyprus is taken from the
Byzantine Empire. |
833 - 842 |
Muhammad al Mu'tasim |
Moved to Samarra with
Turkish guard. |
842 - 847 |
Harun al Watiq |
|
847 - 861 |
Ja'far al Mutawakkil |
Assassinated by
Turkish guard. |
861 - 862 |
Muhammad al Muntasir |
|
862 - 866 |
Ahmad al Musta'in |
|
866 - 869 |
Muhammad al Mutazz |
|
867 |
The
Saffarid Emirs oust the Tahirids
in Khurasan. |
869 - 870 |
Muhammad al Muhtadi |
|
870 - 892 |
Ahmad al Mutamid |
Returned to Baghdad. |
873 |
The Shia line of divinely-ordained supreme religious rulers, who are all
related by blood to the Prophet, dies out. |
892 - 902 |
Ahmad al Mutadid |
|
902 - 908 |
Ali Muktafi |
|
908 |
Jafar al Muqtadir |
|
908 - 929 |
Jafar al Muqtadir |
|
929 |
Muhammad al Qahir |
|
929 - 932 |
Jafar al Muqtadir |
|
932 - 934 |
Muhammad al Qahir |
|
934 - 940 |
Ahmad ar Radi |
Loss of authority. |
940 - 944 |
Ibrahim al Muttaqi |
|
944 - 946 |
Adbullah al Mustakfi |
(d.949) |
945 |
The caliphate, including
Persia, falls under the Shi'ite Buwayid
emirs of Iraq. |
946 - 974 |
al Fadl al Muti |
|
965 - 969 |
Cyprus is lost to the
Byzantine
Empire in 965, and Antioch in
Syria in 969. |
974 - 991 |
AdulKarim atTa'I |
|
991 - 1031 |
Ahmad al Qadir |
|
1031 - 1075 |
Abdullah al Qa'im |
|
1055 |
The caliph is under
Persian Seljuq control
after the Buwayid amirs are defeated. He grants title of Sultan
to the Seljuq ruler. |
1075 - 1094 |
Abdullah al Muqtadi |
|
1094 - 1118 |
Ahmad al Mustazhir |
|
1098 - 1099 |
The First Crusade conquers Jerusalem, and
large swathes of Middle Eastern territories. |
1118 - 1135 |
al Fadl al Mustarshid |
|
1135 - 1136 |
al Mansur ar Rashid |
|
1136 - 1160 |
Muhammad al Muqtafi |
|
1160 - 1170 |
Yusuf al Mustanjid |
|
1170 - 1180 |
al Hasan al Mustadi |
|
1180 - 1225 |
Ahmad an Nasir |
|
1194 |
The Caliphate gains independence from the
Seljuqs. |
1225 - 1226 |
Muhammad az Zahir |
|
1226 - 1242 |
al Mansur al Mustansir |
|
1242 - 1258 |
Abdullah al Musta'sim |
Killed by
Il-Khan
Mongol Khan Hulagu. |
1258 |
The death of Abdullah al Musta'sim signals the end of the Abbasid
Caliphate. The Mamelukes
set up the Abbasid puppet
caliphate in Egypt which continues until the
Ottoman conquest. Control of the
Islamic Empire eventually falls to the Ottoman Turks,
who govern from Asia Minor. |
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