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Morocco
Byzantine
rule in Morocco was ended by the
Arabs, who invaded in 682 in the
course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. Except for the Jews, the
inhabitants of Morocco, both Christian and pagan, soon accepted the religion
of their conquerors. Berber troops were used extensively by the Arabs in
their conquest of
Visigoth Spain, which began in 711. |
682 - 788 |
North Africa
is separated from
Byzantium by the
Islamic Empire. |
788 |
The Islamic
Idrisids become independent from Arabia. |
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Idrisid Dynasty
AD 788 - 974
The first Arab dynasty to rule over the whole of
Morocco was
named after Idris, a refugee from the east who was the
great-great- grandson of Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad. In 793 Idris
was poisoned, apparently by an emissary from the
Abassid caliph Harun
ar-Rashid, from whose usurpation he had fled. Idris' son made Fès his
capital, which was to become a centre of Islamic and Arab culture throughout
the centuries. |
788 - 793 |
Idris I |
Refugee from the east. |
793 - 828 |
Idris II |
Son. |
828 - 836 |
Muhammad
ibn Idris |
|
836 - 848 |
Ali ibn
Idris / "Ali I" |
|
848 - 864 |
Yahya ibn
Muhammad / "Yahya I" |
|
864 - 874 |
Yahya ibn
Yahya / "Yahya II" |
|
874 - 883 |
Ali ibn
Umar / "Ali II" |
|
883 - 904 |
Yahya ibn
Al-Qassim / "Yahya III" |
|
904 - 917 |
Yahya ibn
Idris ibn Umar / "Yahya IV" |
|
922 - 925 |
The Idrisids are overthrown
by the Tunisian Fatamids. |
925 - 927 |
Hassan I
al-Hajjam |
|
927 - 937 |
The Idrisids are again overthrown
by the Tunisian Fatamids. |
937 - 948 |
Al Qasim
Gannum |
|
948 - 954 |
Abu l-Aish
Ahmad |
|
954 - 974 |
Al-Hasan
ben Kannun / "Hassan II" |
Not to be
confused with Hassan II of the Alawis,
b.1929. |
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985 |
The last Idrisid makes the mistake of switching allegiances back to the
Fatamids,
and is deposed and executed by the Caliphate of Cordoba. |
1062 - 1147 |
South Morocco
is held by the Mauretanian Almoravids. |
1147 |
The
Almohads
overthrow the Almoravids.
They also occupy East Algeria,
Mauritania and Tunisia. |
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Almohad (Muwahid)
Caliphs of Spain & North Africa
AD 1147 - 1269
The Almohads very quickly drew much of
Algeria,
Mauritania, and Tunisia into
their realm, while also controlling all of
Islamic Spain. Almohad Spain was distinguished by intellectual brilliance and by intolerant oppression.
By the early thirteenth century, the Christian
kingdoms had made large in-roads into the Islamic territories, and the Almohads soon
lost most of Spain, abandoned the peninsula, and then were even overthrown in North
Africa. |
1130 - 1163 |
Abdul-Mumin |
|
1163 - 1184 |
Yusuf I abu Yaqub |
|
1184 - 1199 |
Yaqub ibn Yusuf al
Mansur |
|
1199 - 1213 |
Muhammad ibn Yaqub |
|
1212 |
Muhammad suffers a devastating defeat by
Christian Spain at Los Navos de
Tolosa. |
1213 - 1224 |
Yusuf II Abu Yaqub |
|
1224 |
Abdul-Wahid (Abu
Muhammad) |
|
1224 - 1227 |
Abdallah Abu Muhammad |
|
1227 - 1235 |
Yahya Abu Zakariyya |
|
1227 - 1232 |
Idris I ibn Yaqub |
|
1228 - 1229 |
The Almohads effect the abandonment of Spain. Only the Nasrid Kings of
Granada
remain there in the far south. |
1232 - 1242 |
Abdul-Wahid ibn Idris I |
|
1242 - 1248 |
Ali ibn Idris I |
|
1248 |
The Berber
Merinids capture and make Fès their capital. |
1248 - 1266 |
Umar ibn Ishaq |
|
1266 - 1269 |
Idris II ibn Muhammad |
|
1269 |
North Africa breaks
up between the Hafsids,
Merinids, and the Algerian Abdul-Wadids
and Zayyanids).
The Merinids make Fes their capital. |
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Merinid Dynasty / Marinids / Beni Merin
AD (1195) 1248 - 1465
The
Berber Merinids originally came from south-east of present-day Morocco, from which
they were expelled in 1224 by another tribe, the Hilali. As early as 1145
the Merinids engaged in battles with the
Almohads, who defeated them until 1169. In 1169, the Merinids began
their pursuit of taking Morocco from the Almohads.
Following their expulsion from the south, they moved northwards under
command of Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq and took Fes in 1248, making it their
capital and marking the beginning of their dynasty. The Merinid leadership
installed in Fes declared the war on the Almohads with the aid of Christian
mercenaries there. Capturing Marrakech in 1269, they took control of most of
the Maghreb towards the end of 1268, including present-day Morocco, Algeria
and part of Tunisia. |
|
1195 - 1217 |
Abd al-Haqq I |
Died in combat against the
Almohads. |
|
1217 - 1240 |
Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq / Uthman I |
Assassinated by one of his Christian slaves. |
|
1240 - 1244 |
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq/Muhammad I |
Killed by officer of his own Christian militia. |
|
1244 - 1258 |
Abu Yahya
ibn Abd al-Haqq |
Death through illness. |
|
1258 - 1286 |
Abu Yusuf
Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq |
Uncle. Death through illness. |
|
1286 - 1307 |
Abu Yaqub
Yusuf an-Nasr |
Son. Assassinated by a court eunuch. |
|
1307 - 1308 |
Abu Thabit
Amir |
Son. Death through illness. |
|
1308 - 1310 |
Abu al-Rabi
Sulayman |
Brother. Death through illness. |
|
1310 - 1331 |
Abu Said
Uthman |
Brother. |
|
1331 - 1348 |
Abu al-Hasan
ibn Uthman |
Son. Imprisoned until at least 1366. |
1337 - 1348 |
The Merinids conquer
Zayyanid Algeria. |
|
1348 - 1358 |
Abu Inan
Faris |
Son. Assassinated by his vizir. Merinids begin to
decline. |
1352 - 1359 |
The Merinids again conquer
Zayyanid Algeria. |
1358 |
The Merinids had begun to decline during Abu Inan Faris' reign, and his
murder begins a period of instability, with the viziers raising several
claimants to the throne in succession. King Pedro of
Castille supports the third of these, Abu Salim Ibrahim, in a clear show
of increasing Spanish influence on North Africa. |
|
1358 |
Abu Zian
as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris |
Installed by viziers. Lasted a few months. |
|
1358 |
Abu Yahya
abu Bakr ibn Faris |
Lasted a few months. |
|
1359 - 1361 |
Abu Salim
Ibrahim |
Son of al-Hasan. Installed by viziers. Replaced. |
|
1361 |
Abu Umar
Tachfin |
Reigned a few months. "Reign of the vizirs" ends. |
|
1362 - 1366 |
Muhammad
ibn Yaqub |
Son of al-Hasan. Assassinated by his vizier. |
|
1366 - 1372 |
Abu Faris
Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali |
Son of al-Hasan. Died through illness. |
|
1372 |
Muhammad
as-Said |
Young son. Died without gaining the throne in 1373. |
|
1372 - 1384 |
Abu al-Abbas
Ahmad |
Supported by
Nasrids
of Granada. d.1393. |
1374 |
Following the instability caused by the death of Abu Faris Abd and his young
son, the Merinid empire is partitioned in two: based at Fez (the Merinids)
and Marrakech (a splinter state). |
|
1384 - 1386 |
Abu Faris
Musa ibn Faris |
Interim replacement made by
Nasrids
of Granada. |
|
1384 - 1387 |
Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman |
Reigned at Marrakech. |
|
1386 - 1387 |
Al-Wathiq |
Interim replacement made by
Nasrids
of Granada. |
|
1387 - 1393 |
Abu al-Abbas
Ahmad |
Restored to overall control. |
|
1393 - 1396 |
Abu Faris
Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad |
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1396 - 1398 |
Abu Amir
Abdallah |
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1398 - 1420 |
Abu Said
Uthman ibn Ahmad |
Brother. |
1399 |
Benefiting from the anarchy within the Merinid kingdom, Henry III of
Castille invades Morocco, seizes Tetouan, massacres half of the
population and reduces it to slavery. |
1415 |
King John I of
Portugal
seizes Ceuta, marking the beginning of European expansion into Africa. |
|
1420 - 1465 |
Abu
Muhammad Abd al-Haqq |
Son. Acceded aged one. Throat cut during popular
revolt. |
1459 |
Abu Muhammad Abd revolts against his own Wattasid viziers. Only two Wattasid
brothers survive and it is they who become the first Watassids sultans in
1472. |
1462 |
Ferdinand IV of
Castille
takes over Gibraltar. |
1465 |
Benefiting from the chaos in Fes when the sultan is murdered, Alphonse V of
Portugal
takes Tangier. |
1465 - 1472 |
Central control is compromised until the former
Wattasid viziers succeed in
taking over. |
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Wattasid Dynasty / Banu Wattas
AD 1472 - 1554
Like the Merinids, the Wattasids had
their origins in the Berber Zenatas. The two families were related, and the
Merinids recruited many viziers from the Wattasids. These viziers seized
power in 1465.
The Wattasid sultans only controlled northern
Morocco, the south being dominated by the Saadi dynasty,
who eventually replaced them. The period from
1465 to 1472 was unstable, and the last of the Moroccan possessions in Al Andalus were lost. Ceuta had already been lost to
Portugal, and the
Spanish
and Portuguese campaigned in Morocco. Nevertheless, good commercial relations
were maintained with the Iberians. |
|
1472 - 1504 |
Abu
Abdallah sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya |
One of the two survivors from the 1459 massacre. |
|
1504 - 1526 |
Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Mhmd ibn Muhammad |
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1526 |
Abu al-Hasan Abu Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad |
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1526 - 1545 |
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad |
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|
1545 - 1547 |
Nasir
ad-Din al-Qasri Muhammad ibn Ahmad |
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1547 - 1549 |
Abu al-Abbas
Ahmad ibn Muhammad |
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1554 |
Abu al-Hasan Abu Hasun Ali ibn Muhammad |
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Saadi Dynasty / Saadite / Bani Zaydan
AD (1509) 1554 - 1659
The Moroccan Saadis began with the reign of Sultan
Mohammed ash-Sheikh in 1554. From 1509 to 1554 they had ruled only in the
south of Morocco. Saadian rule ended in 1659 with the reign of Sultan
Ahmad el Abbas. Before they conquered Marrakech, Taroudant
was their capital city. Two of their most important achievements were
ousting the
Portuguese from Morocco and defending the country against the
Ottomans. |
|
1509 - 1517 |
Abu Abdallah al-Qaim |
Ruled southern Morocco. |
|
1517 - 1544 |
Ahmad al-Araj |
Ruled southern Morocco. |
|
1544 - 1557 |
Mohammed ash-Sheikh |
Ruled all of Morocco after 1554. |
1554 |
The Saadis
takes over the north, removing the
Wattasids from power. |
|
1557 - 1574 |
Abdallah al-Ghalib |
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|
1574 - 1576 |
Abu Abdallah Mohammed II |
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|
1576 - 1578 |
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I |
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1578 - 1603 |
Ahmad I al-Mansur |
|
1578 - 1603 |
Ahmad I is the most famous of the Saadis. A contemporary of Elizabeth I of
England, he is responsible for building the El Badi Palace in Marrakech. |
1591 - 1670 |
An invasion of the Songhai
Empire to the south hastens its decline. Morocco rules Mali. |
|
1603 - 1608 |
Abou Fares Abdallah |
Lost part of Morocco to the Saadis in
Fes. |
1603 - 1627 |
The main Saadi rulers of Morocco are based in Marrakesh, but a splinter
faction governs a limited territory from Fes with only local power during
the reign of Zidan Abu Maali. At the same time, the
Alawi begin to increase their power in
southern Morocco. |
|
1603 - 1627 |
Zidan Abu Maali |
Ruled Morocco except Fes. |
|
1604 - 1613 |
Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun |
Ruled Fes. |
|
1613 - 1623 |
Abdallah II |
Ruled Fes. |
|
1623 - 1627 |
Abd el Malek |
Ruled Fes. |
|
1627 - 1631 |
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II |
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1631 - 1636 |
Al Walid ben Zidan |
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|
1636 - 1655 |
Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir |
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|
1655 - 1659 |
Ahmad el Abbas |
|
1659 |
The last Saadi sultan is overthrown when Marrakech is conquered by the
Alawi. |
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Alawi / Alaouite Dynasty
AD 1666 - Present Day
The Alawi were natives of southern Morocco. Until
1666 they only ruled in Tafilalt and some parts of southern Morocco. |
1631 - 1635 |
Muhammad I |
Ruled Tafilalt. |
1635 - 1664 |
Muhammad II |
Son. Ruled Tafilalt. |
1666 - 1672 |
Al-Rashid |
Half-brother. Proclaimed Sultan of Morocco 22.10.1664. |
1670 |
The Alawi retreat from
Mali. |
1672 |
Muhammad I |
|
1672 - 1684 |
Al-Harrani, Abu'l Abbas Ahmad I |
|
1672 - 1684 |
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Ismail |
Joint
ruler. |
1684 - 1727 |
Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif |
|
1727 - 1728 |
Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II |
|
1728 |
Abdalmalik |
|
1728 - 1729 |
Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II |
Restored. |
1729 - 1735 |
Abdallah |
|
1735 - 1736 |
Ali |
|
1736 |
Abdallah |
Restored. |
1736 - 1738 |
Mohammed II |
|
1738 - 1740 |
Al-Mostadi |
|
1740 - 1745 |
Abdallah III |
|
1745 |
Zin al-Abidin |
|
1745 - 1757 |
Abdallah IV |
|
1757 - 1790 |
Mohammed ben Abdallah |
|
1790 - 1792 |
Yazid |
|
1792 - 1822 |
Slimane of Morocco |
|
1822 - 1859 |
Abderrahmane |
|
1859 - 1873 |
Mohammed IV |
|
1873 - 1894 |
Hassan I |
|
1894 - 1908 |
Abdelaziz |
|
1908 - 1912 |
Abdelhafid |
|
1912 |
Morocco
becomes a
French Protectorate. |
1912 - 1927 |
Yusef |
|
1927 - 1961 |
Mohammed V |
Deposed and
exiled to Madagascar
1953-1955. |
1953 - 1955 |
Mohammed Ben Aarafa |
French puppet king. |
1955 - 1961 |
Mohammed V |
Restored.
First king of Morocco in 1957. |
1956 |
Morocco gains
independence from
France. The following year, the sultans drop their traditional title in
favour of calling themselves kings of Morocco. |
1961 - 1999 |
Hassan II |
d. July. |
1999 - Present |
Mohammed VI Ben
Hassan |
Son. |
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