European Kingdoms

Umayyad / Omayyid Amirs of Spain
AD 756 - 912

After being conquered from the Visigoths, the main portion of Iberia was part of the Islamic empire from between 711-756 to the thirteenth century, although there was still some resistance to the invaders in the form of the border counties of Navarre and Barcelona, and the Christian kingdom of Asturias.

After the Abbasid overthrow and massacre of the Umayyads in 749, Spain was one place where Abbasid authority was never asserted. Instead, the Umayyad prince, AburRahman, escaping the massacre, established himself and his line. Eventually, in response to the Fatimid Shiite Caliphate, the Spanish Umayyads proclaimed their own caliphate.

Cadiz (Morrish Qadis) in southern Spain, the former Phoenician city of Gadir, was expanded to become a major naval port.

756 - 788

AburRahman I

Grandson of Hisham. Escaped to Spain during the massacre.

778

The Frankish emperor, Charlemagne, campaigns against the Arabs in Spain.

788 - 799

Hisham I

799 - 822

al-Hakam I

822 - 852

AbdurRahman II

852 - 886

Muhammad I

855

The amirs lose control of Leon to the kingdom of Asturias & Galicia.

886 - 888

al-Mundhir

888 - 912

Abdullah

912

In response to the Fatimids establishing an independent caliphate in Tunisia, the Omayyads declare their own Caliphate in Spain.

Umayyad / Omayyad Caliphs of Spain (Cordoba)
AD 912 - 1031

912 - 961

Abdur Rahman III

957

Sancho I of Leon removes the ruling counts of Portugal from power and seeks support from the Omayyids to protect him from retaliation.

961 - 976

al-Hakam II

976 - 1008

Hisham II

981

The county of Coimbra is re-conquered by the Omayyids. Portugal again becomes the front line between Moor and Christian in western Iberia.

1008 - 1009

Muhammad II

1009

Sulayman

1010 - 1012

Hisham II

Restored?

1012 - 1017

Sulayman

Restored?

1017 - 1021

(Ali ibn Hamud)

1021 - 1022

AbdurRahman IV

1022

(al-Qasim)

1022 - 1023

AbdurRahman V

1023 - 1024

Muhammad III

1024 - 1027

(Yahya ibn Ali)

1027 - 1031

Hisham III

1112 - 1139

The Moors are pushed further and further south as the county of Portugal is aggressively expanded by its count who, in 1139, is proclaimed king by his troops after a resounding victory over the Omayyids at the Battle of Ourique.

1147 - 1229

Islamic Spain is ruled by the North African Almohad Dynasty.

1228 - 1229

The Almohads lose control of Spain to the Christian kingdoms. Only the Nasrid kings remain in Granada.

Nasrid Kings of Granada
AD 1238 - 1492

Granada was the small Moorish kingdom which survived the fall of Islamic control during the Reconquista of Spain, surviving the expulsion of the Almohads. A client of the increasingly powerful kingdom of Castile, it only survived because it was the gateway to imports of gold from Niger in Africa.

1238 - 1273

Mohammad I

1262

The ancient city of Cadiz (formerly Gadir) is conquered by Alfonso X of Castile.

1273 - 1303

Mohammad II

1303 - 1309

Mohammad III

1309 - 1312

Nazar

1312 - 1325

Ismail I

1325 - 1333

Mohammad IV

1333 - 1354

Yusef I

1354 - 1359

Mohammad V

1359 - 1361

Ismail II

1361

Abu-Said

1361 - 1391

Mohammad V

Restored?

1391 - 1396

Yusef II

1396 - 1408

Mohammad VI

1408 - 1425

Yusef III

1425 - 1427

Mohammad VII

1427

Mohammad VIII

1427 - 1431

Mohammad VII

Restored?

1431

Ibn Alhamar

1432 - 1445

Mohammad VII

Restored?

1445 - 1454

Ibn Ostman

1454 - 1456

Ibn Ismail

1456 - 1482

Mulay Hasen

1482 - 1492

Abu Abdullah / Boabdil

1492

The Nasrids are conquered by Castile & Aragon, marking the end of Islamic Spain. One of the leading Spanish soldiers is Juan Ponce de Leon, who becomes the first European to visit Florida, helps conquer Hispaniola, and becomes the first governor of Puerto Rico.