European Kingdoms

Anarti (Gauls)

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In general terms, the Romans coined the name 'Gaul' to describe the Celtic tribes of what is now central, northern, and eastern France. The Gauls were divided from the Belgae to the north by the Marne and the Seine, and from the Aquitani to the south by the River Garonne, while also extending into Switzerland, northern Italy, and along the Danube (see feature link for a discussion of the origins of the Celtic name).

By the middle of the first century BC, the Anarti were a minor tribe along a narrow band of surviving Celtic expansion to the north of the Danube, on the east bank of the Tisia (the modern Tisza, which rises in the far west of Ukraine) in modern northern Serbia and southern Hungary.

They were neighboured to the north and east by various Dacian tribes such as the Daci and Teurisci and also by a small pocket of the Celtic Boii, to the south by the Sarmatian Iazyges, and across the Danube to the west by further Celts: the Eravisci and Hercuniates.

This La Tène tribe was also known as the Anartes and Anartoi, variations on the original name, the latter being Greek. The name 'Anarti' seems to be made up of 'an-', which is a negative prefix in front of 'arat', meaning 'a servant'. That makes the tribe the 'not-servants', in other words not slaves: 'the free men'. The connotation is rather negative, suggesting that they had been slaves or had been subjugated in the past, or had fought off attempted subjugation and were now advertising their success.

Given the fact that the Anarti were located within a slim ribbon of Celtic settlement along the Danube, their former potential subjugators could have been any one of a number of Dacian or Sarmatian tribes. Given that observation, and the tribe's name, they could perhaps have formed only late, in the first or second century BC.

Some scholars place a group called the Anartophracti (clearly of a shared origin) in south-eastern Poland. The Upper Tisza is geographically close enough to this part of Poland, so the two groups may have divided relatively late, again perhaps due to circumstances which could have been related to presumed potential subjugation.

The Anartophracti are mentioned by Ptolemy, who uses his Greek to mangle the original name, but writing in the early twentieth century, Wilhelm Braune believed them to be wholly Dacian, while Vasile Parvan writing a couple of decades later called them a Celto-Dacian mix.

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(Information by Peter Kessler and Edward Dawson, with additional information from The La Tene Celtic Belgae Tribes in England: Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R-U152 - Hypothesis C, David K Faux, from A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry, David K Faux, from Celts and the Classical World, David Rankin, from The Civilisation of the East, Fritz Hommel (Translated by J H Loewe, Elibron Classic Series, 2005), from Europe Before History, Kristian Kristiansen, from Geography, Ptolemy, from The History of Rome, Volume 1, Titus Livius, translated by Rev Canon Roberts, from the Encyclopaedia of European Peoples, Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, from Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, TR Holmes, from Roman History, Cassius Dio, from Geography, Strabo, translated by H C Hamilton Esq & W Falconer, M A, Ed (George Bell & Sons, London, 1903), from The Celtic Encyclopaedia, Harry Mountain, from Research into the Physical History of Mankind, James Cowles Pritchard, from Encyclopaedia of the Roman Empire, Matthew Bunson (1994), and from External Links: The Works of Julius Caesar: Gallic Wars, and United Nations of Roma Victrix, and the Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, J Pokorny, and Perseus Digital Library, and The Natural History, Pliny the Elder (John Bostock, Ed), and Jones' Celtic Encyclopaedia, and L'Arbre Celtique (The Celtic Tree, in French), and Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz or Dictionnaire Historique de la Suisse or Dizionario Storico dell Svizzera (in German, French, and Italian respectively).)

53 BC

As noted by Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars, the Hercynian Forest (known to the Greeks as Orcynia - the modern Black Forest forms its western part) is home to a mixture of Germanic groups and a once-powerful arm of the Volcae Tectosages.

The River Tisia (the modern Tisza) rises in western Ukraine and meanders south-westwards to meet the Danube, providing fertile river valley land for migrating Celts in the second and first centuries BC, despite the threat from sometimes hostile Dacians

The forest lies on the east bank of the Rhine (this forms the northern border of lands which are known to the ancient writers of the Mediterranean, and the modern Black Forest forms its western part). Its breadth is such that it takes a quick traveller nine days to cross it through uncertain paths, as there are no known roads.

It begins at the frontiers of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Raurici, and extends in a line along the River Danube to the territories of the Daci and the Anarti. From there its borders twist northwards into the vast lands which have not been charted by the Mediterranean cultures.

10 BC

The Anarti are mentioned again in the Elogium of Tusculum, an inscription found in the town of that name to the south of Rome. Inscribed during the early days of the empire, while Augustus governs, it contains a description of a Roman legate of Illyricum negotiating with the Anarti and Cotini (the latter being located to the north of the former).

This vast map covers just about all possible tribes which were documented in the first centuries BC and AD, mostly by the Romans and Greeks, and with an especial focus on 52 BC (click or tap on map to view at an intermediate size)

c.AD 172 - 180

Surprisingly, given their proximity to more aggressive Dacian tribes, the Anarti still exist and continue to occupy the same lands as before. Around this time they refuse to aid Rome in its ongoing war against the Marcomanni.

Punishment from Emperor Marcus Aurelius comes in the form of the deportation of the Anarti from their territory into the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior. This forced migration takes place before the end of the decade, although it is unclear whether it concerns the entire tribe, lock stock and barrel. Given its lack of historical mention after this date, this does seem likely.

5th century

The former Anarti tribal region forms part of the Germanic kingdom of Gepidia during the late fifth and the first half of the sixth centuries. This is destroyed in 567 by the Langobards and the territory is soon occupied by the Avars. Following later Slavic migrations into the area, it subsequently goes on to form the northern parts of Serbia.

The Germanic Gepids migrated into Poland where they occupied land to the east of the Vistula in the first century AD, close to their allies, the Goths