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Far East Kingdoms

South East Asia

 

Thailand / Siam

MapThe perspective on Thai history has been changed by archaeological excavations in the north-east of the country. Discoveries involving bronze metallurgy seems to suggest, controversially, that the Thais may have originated in what is now Thailand following the initial arrival of Homo sapiens in South-East Asia and later scattered to various parts of Asia, including China. No definite conclusion has been reached, and many more theories have been put forward with some suggesting that Thais were originally of Austronesian rather than Mongoloid origin.

Around 2000 BC, Chinese rice and millet farmers spread southwards into a region which stretched between Vietnam and Burma. There, they interbred with local hunter-gatherers in two main pulses, this being the first with the second taking place around the end of the first century BC.

These events and many lesser integrations produced a people who bore a highly mixed ethnic heritage, albeit one which was initially provided by Thai migrants as they pushed southwards into South-East Asia from the eighth century AD kingdom of Nanzhao in south-western China. That movement increased when the Mongols invaded China, entirely sidelining the collected native Akha people (an imposed name which means 'slaves').

In 2017 a team led by Harvard Medical School geneticist, Mark Lipson, concluded that these population movements brought agriculture to the region and triggered the spread of Austroasiatic languages that are still spoken in parts of south and South-East Asia. Over the preceding twenty years, archaeology had already accumulated increasing amounts of evidence to support the emergence of rice farming in South-East Asia between 2,500-2,000 BC, accompanied by tools and pottery which revealed links to southern China.

Buddhist temple of Chiang Mai in Thailand, by Chris Keeney Photography

Principal author(s): Page created: Page last updated:

(Information by Peter Kessler & John De Cleene, with additional introductory details by Kris Tang, and additional information from the John De Cleene Archive, from The Restoration of Thailand under Rama I, 1782-1809, Klaus Wenk (1968), from A History of Thailand, Chris Baker & Pasuk Phongpaichit (2005), from Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Keat Gin Ooi (ABC-Clio, 2004), from Early Mainland Southeast Asia, C Higham (River Books Co, 2014), from Encyclopaedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, Charles F W Higham (Facts on File, 2004), from Historical Atlas of the World, R R Palmer (Ed, Chicago, 1963), and from External Links: Thai History at sunsite.au.ac.th (dead link), and Ancient Chinese farmers sowed literal seeds of change in south-east Asia (Science News), and The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, George Coedès (Walter F Vella (Ed), Susan Brown Cowing (Trans), University of Hawaii Press, 1968, and available online via the Internet Archive).)

KING LIST INDEX

King list Thais (Tai)
(1000 BC - AD 1200s)


Prehistoric integrations between proto-Chinese rice farmers and regional hunter-gatherers produced the Thai group which later entered South-East Asia.

King list Muong Swa
(AD 698 - 800s?)


The principality of Muong Swa in central South-East Asia was a short-lived Thai foundation which became woven into early Laotian legend and myth.

King list Sukhothai Kingdom
(AD 1238 - 1438)


This was the first great Thai empire, one which was considered a golden age of Thai culture and one which enjoyed an abundance of resources and good living.

King list Lanna Kingdom
(AD 1259 - 1774)


Shortly after the creation of the Thai kingdom of Sukhothai, the founder of the Lan Na or Lanna kingdom created a new capital for his realm in Chiang Mai.

King list Ayutthaya Kingdom
(AD 1350 - 1767)


The second Thai empire after that of Sukhothai was founded by U-Thong in 1350, which at its height produced one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities.

King list Krung Thonburi
(AD 1769 - 1782)


Phaya Taksin was a Thai general from the Ayuddhya kingdom who fled to Krung Thonburi and promoted himself king, taking advantage of a power vacuum.

King list Rattanakosin Kingdom
(AD 1782 - Present)


This kingdom saw the accession of a dynasty which remains on the throne in modern Thailand, being governed since 1932 as a constitutional monarchy.

 
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