Far East Kingdoms

Lan Na / Lanna Kingdom (Thais)
AD 1259 - 1939
Incorporating Bingaraṭṭha, Chiang Mai, Pa-ai-si-fu, Ping, Yonakaraṭṭha, & Yonaraṭṭha

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The first historical records to concern Thais in South-East Asia date to the eleventh century AD. These people of Early Thailand were known as 'Syāṃ', with them being described as slaves of the powerful Cham people who could count Champa as their greatest state-building achievement.

From the twelfth century onwards Thais expanded outwards, predominantly southwards, where they defeated the Mons of Dvāravatī and reached the Malay-Thai peninsula. State-building swiftly followed to create a patchwork of kingdoms which eventually would form modern Thailand.

The kingdom of Lan Na was founded in 1259, although it based a good deal of its later power on the ruins of the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya which Thais (Lao) destroyed in 1291/1292. Thais referred to this kingdom as Lan Na (Lān Nā) or Lanna, 'the kingdom of a million rice fields'. The state had many other names, including Chiang Mai (shown alternatively as Chiangmai or Chiengmai) after the capital, or Lannathai, or even the 'Ping' state after the River Ping or Mae Ping alongside which the capital was established.

It should be noted that Lan Na was more a collection of city states which acknowledged the greater authority of one of the city states, in this case Chiang Mai. The kingdom's various city states were nominally independent when it came to managing their own affairs, including even Chiang Mai.

The Pali chronicles referred to the state as Yonaraṭṭha or Yonakaraṭṭha (the kingdom of the Yûon) or Bingaraṭṭha (the kingdom of the Mae Ping). Contemporary China knew it as Pa-ai-si-fu, and mention it for the first time in 1292. At its founding it was situated in what is now eastern Burma and north-western Thailand.

It was shortly after the creation of the Thai kingdom of Sukhothai in the south of modern Thailand that Lan Na's founder created a new capital for his realm in Chiang Mai, in 1296. Chiang Mai in this period was chosen as the navel of the eight world synod of Theravāda Buddhism.

Principal author(s): Page created: Page last updated:

(Information by Peter Kessler & John De Cleene, with additional information from the John De Cleene Archive, from Early Mainland Southeast Asia, C Higham (River Books Co, 2014), from Encyclopaedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, Charles F W Higham (Facts on File, 2004), from Historical Atlas of the World, R R Palmer (Ed, Chicago, 1963), from A History of Thailand, Chris Baker & Pasuk Phongpaichit (2005), from Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Keat Gin Ooi (ABC-Clio, 2004), and from External Links: Ayutthaya Historical Research, and Lan Na (Encyclopaedia Britannica), and Cultural Resource Management and Archaeology at Chiang Saen, Northern Thailand, Sawang Lertrit (Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, March 2000, available via JSTOR), and Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand During the Early Bangkok Period, Voljer Grabowsky (Oriens Extremus, 1994, available via JSTOR), and On the History of Chiang Rai, Hans Penth (Siam Society, PDF), and The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, George Coedès (Walter F Vella (Ed), Susan Brown Cowing (Trans), University of Hawaii Press, 1968, and available online via the Internet Archive), and Kingdom of Lan Na (Ebsco.com), and Laos (Rulers.org), and The Nan Chronicle, David K Wyatt (Trans, SEAP Publications, 1994, available via documen.pub), and Thailand (Rulers.org), and Thailand (World Statesmen).)

1259 - 1317

Founded kingdom as Sukhothai's rival.

1259

According to one legend, the god Indra sends Lao Chok to earth to be the first king of Lan Na. Lao Chok and his people settle in the Chiang Saen valley where he builds Hirannakon-Ngoenyang on the site of Chiang Saen.

Mengrai, in the centre, was the founder of the kingdom of Lan Na at Chiang Mai in 1259, a late medieval rival to Sukhothai in what is now Thailand

More prosaically, Mangrāi is the final ruling prince of Ngoenyang. He founds the kingdom of Lan Na and its ruling Mangrāi dynasty, and Ngoenyang becomes its first capital.

1262

Mangrāi founds Chiang Rāi to replace Ngoenyang as the capital of Lan Na, and the state becomes a principality in its own right, according to the chronicles, archaeological evidence, and Ayutthaya Historical Research.

1287

Ramakhamhaeng, prince of Sukhothai, has an affair with one of the wives of Ngam Mưlang, prince of Phayao. Rather than kill him, Mưlang appeals for a solution to Mangrāi, prince of Chiang Rāi. Mangrāi arbitrates, fines Ramakhamhaeng nine hundred thousand cowries, and the three forge an alliance which helps Mangrāi to expand his kingdom.

1288

The capital is relocated in 1288 to Wiang Kun Kan on the banks of the River Ping. At the same time Mangrāi sends an ambassador to Haripunjaya. The ambassador wins over the Mon king, Yiba, and is made preceptor. In this role he is able to drain the resources of the locals.

A good deal of information about the state of Sukhothai under the rule of Rama 'the Great' is contained on an inscribed stone stele which was discovered at the Wat Mahathat temple in Sukhothai Historical Park

1291/1292

When Mangrāi's ambassador to Haripunjaya is satisfied that he has sufficiently weakened the kingdom, he notifies Mangrāi who now invades to drive out Yiba. Attempts to regain his kingdom fail and his own son is killed, but Yiba subsequently finds refuge in Phitsanulok.

1296

Quickly finding Wiang Kun Kan to be on an unsuitable site, by 1296 Mangrāi has selected a new site for his capital at Chiang Mai on the higher banks of the River Ping and on the opposite side from Wiang Kun Kan to the south-east.

Chiang Rāi, the early capital, declines in size and importance but, after Mangrāi's death, it revives and grows richer thanks to successive kings using it as their main residence.

1301

The Mongols attack Lan Na with a force of twenty thousand Chinese soldiers and Mongol archers. Lan Na defeats them, but makes sure it keeps them at bay by sending tribute to the Mongol emperor of China.

1317

According to legend Mangrāi dies following a lightning strike in the middle of Chiang Mai. Today a sacred pillar commemorates the event at the supposed site.

Initial Mongol interest in Dai Viet seemed purely designed to be able to use it as a conduit for troops to outflank the Southern Song, but following their fall in 1279, invasion and permanent occupation was on the cards

Upon his death a confusing struggle is precipitated for the succession. Mangrāi has previously passed over two of his sons - the eldest and the youngest - in favour of the middle son, Chai Songkhram. The youngest he has sent to found the principality of Moné on the upper Salween.

1317 - 1318

Son. Retired to Chiang Rai.

1318

After a few months of ruling, Chai Songkhram is replaced by his son, Saen Phu. Before retiring to Chiang Rai, Chai Songkhram establishes another son as prince in the kingdom's territory around Mưang Fang and yet other at Chiangkhǫng.

1318 - 1319

Son. Throne usurped.

1319

The youngest son, now the prince of Moné, takes the throne and chases out Saen Phu and his brother, Nam Thuem, prince of Chiangkhǫng. They go to their father's refuge in Chiang Rai, after which Nam Thuem drives out the prince of Moné so that Chai Songkhram can restore Saen Phu as ruler, either in 1322 or 1324.

Chiangkhǫng or Chiang Khong is bordered by the River Mekong, formerly a significant settlement and a crucial trading outpost within the Lanna state

1319 - 1322

Prince of Moné. Usurped throne but driven out.

1322 - 1324

Brother of Saen Phu. Regained throne for brother.

1324 - 1328

Restored by Chai Songkhram.

1324 - 1327

Sean Phu places his son, Kham Fu, on the throne at Chiang Mai and goes to Chiang Rāi to care for his ailing father who dies in 1325 or 1327. Saen Phu then returns to restore his own control over the entire territory.

1327

Saen Phu founds a new capital at Chiang Saen and moves his court there from Chiang Rāi. The old capital experiences another decline, but only in terms of status as its economy and trade continue to prosper.

1328 - 1337

Son. Died at Chiang Rāi.

1337 - 1355

Son.

1340

Having been crowned at Chiang Rāi, Pha Yu moves the capital back to Chiang Mai. He improves and fortifies the city, but later in his reign his independence is questionable.

Wat Phra Kaew is one of modern Thailand's most sacred temples, being located in Chiang Rai, the birthplace of the Lanna kingdom

after 1353

Fa Ngoun, king of Lan Xang, defeats Sam Phaya (Pha Yu) of Lan Na, after which he conquers the Akha. The Laotian and other local princes submit to him.

1355 - c.1387

Son. Highly religious.

1369 - 1375

The Khmer are controlled by Lan Na during the height of its power under Kuena. As a result they lose much of their power for the next century while they are embroiled in conflicts with the Thai.

c.1387

When Kū Na dies he is succeeded by his son, Saen Muang Ma. The young king's uncle, Prince Phrom, disputes the succession and is defeated while attempting to take the throne.

c.1387 - 1411

Son. His death led to a succession dispute.

c.1387

Prince Phrom asks for help from the kingdom of Ayutthaya, which sends an army with the expectation of expanding its own influence. Instead Lan Na defeats the army and Ayutthaya has to appease combatants on both sides by giving thirty elephants and two attendants to each of them.

Ayutthaya took on influences from many external players, including Sukhothai and the Khmer, as well as China, Japan and - later - several European countries, with that influence being seen in Wat Chaiwatthanaram

? - 1389

The Khmer endure a second spell of direct control from a resurgent Lan Na before enjoying a temporary resurgence of their own under Dharmasokaraja.

1390

Sukhothai lures Saen Mūang Ma with a request for help in throwing off the control of its overlord, Ayutthaya. Saen Mūang Ma heads an army which Sukhothai attacks, inflicting a major defeat upon Lan Na. Saen Mūang Ma barely escapes with his life.

1411

At the death of Saen Mūang Ma, a succession dispute arises and is settled in a trial by single combat. The new king is Sam Fang Kaen, and his champion prevails over the champion from Ayutthaya. Nevertheless, Ayutthaya succeeds in capturing Chiang Rāi and taking many prisoners.

1411 - 1441

Son. Won succession dispute. Deposed.

1431

Lan Na defeats the Khmer, forcing them to abandon their great capital for a safer location. Angkor Wat is abandoned to the jungle and the seeds are sown which will lead to modern Cambodia.

Declining during the fourteenth century, around 1431 Angkor Wat was abandoned, leaving few clues to help modern historians understand how and why the city was left so completely to the jungle

1441 - 1487

Son.

1443/1444 - 1448

Having deposed his own father to secure control, Tilokoraj wages war against Nan and drives out its ruler, Intaken, along with his wives and children. They take refuge with the ruler of Chaliang while Tilokaraj appoints Chao Pha Saeng, son of Chao Paeng, as Nam's new ruler, but only as a vassal state.

1463

Lan Na attempts to capture Sukhothai, but is rejected by two armies, one led by Borommatrailokanat and Intharacha, ruler and his son in Ayutthaya, and the other led by Borommaracha III, the king's son and regent. Intharacha is wounded in the face by an arrow.

1465/1466

Tilokoraj transfers Mūn Sòi of Chiang Khong from his position as vassal ruler of Nan to become Lan Na's vassal ruler of Fang.

1474 - 1475

Ayutthaya invades Lan Na and captures Chaliang, one of Lan Na's small vassal states. The war results in a truce between Ayutthaya and Lan Na, one which lasts several years.

Ayutthaya Historical Park in Thailand once served as the thriving capital of the Ayutthaya kingdom, from 1350 until it was razed to the ground by the Burmese in 1767, leaving majestic ruins of temples, palaces, and statues

1479/1480

When Dai Viet invades Nan, Tao Kha Kan follows orders and, with an army of forty thousand, defeats the invaders. However, he exceeds his authority by pursuing the enemy after the defeat.

He kills many and sends their heads to Tilokoraj along with many captured soldiers, their families, and their elephants and horses. The displeased Tilokoraj transfers Tao Kah Kan to Chiang Rai, believing that this sort of treatment for defeated enemies only encourages them to seek vengeance.

1480 - 1484

Lê Thánh-Tổng of Dai Viet feels it is time to curb the power of Lan Xang. He marches a large force into its territory, capturing the capital and killing its king, Chakkaphat. It takes until 1482 before Lan Xang's remaining army can join forces with the army of Lan Na to its west and inflict a decisive defeat upon the Viet army. The Viet withdraw in full by 1484.

1487

Following the death of Tilokoraj the kingdom suffers from internal conflicts. Already distracted, Lan Na is also weakened by wars with Sukhothai's state successors.

Tai-speaking people (of which Thais form a sub-group) first arrived in the region of today's Thailand around 600 BC, but heavy inwards migration only took place between the eighth to tenth centuries AD

1487 - 1495

Son.

1495 - 1526

Son.

1510/1511

Having been installed three years earlier as ruler of Nan, Mūn Sam Lan is now transferred to rule over Fang. Sòi is transferred from Phrae after Ayutthaya invades that small vassal state to replace him in Nan. Three years after this reshuffle, Sòi will be transferred to Lampang.

1515/1516

Mūn Sam Lan is the son of Thao Bun Faeng, a former ruler of Nan and Chiang Saen. Mahinda, now the ruler of Fang, is given Nan for the next ten months and then is transferred to rule Phayao.

1517

In a further stage of his governorship game of musical chairs, Muang Kaeo transfers Kham Yòt Fa, ruler of Phrae, to Nan for a span of three months, after which the king sends him to rule Phayao.

This relief from a wall at Angkor Wat depicts a Khmer battle scene, with temple wall decorations standing amongst the greatest expressions of Khmer artwork

1526 - 1538

Son. Deposed by his son.

1538 - 1543

Son. Overthrew his father but was deposed by nobility.

1543 - 1545

Restored. Went insane and was murdered.

1545

Ket Chettharat goes insane, so Saen Dao has him murdered. Saen Dao then offers the throne to Prince Mekuti of Mūang Nai, so the prince of Theinni sends an army to avenge the king's death and requests Chairacha of Ayutthaya to provide assistance.

While Chairacha's army is making its way toward Chiang Mai, the opposition to Saen Dao has obtained the support of the king of Lan Xang, whose army reaches the capital first.

Saen Dao is executed and Princess Chiraprapha is installed as regent. When Chairacha reaches the capital he finds the situation has been resolved and, after a warm welcome from the princess, he returns home.

Now due to disappear beneath the sea by about 2100, the Mekong delta played an important part in the development of early Cambodia and Vietnam

1545 - 1546

Mother and queen regent. Abdicated.

1546

Queen Chiraprapha repulses several attempts to overthrow her. Prince Mekuti of Muang Nai (Mong Nai) and the prince of Yawnghwe are both driven out. The king of Lan Xang attempts to install his eldest son on the throne.

Ayutthaya attacks Lan Xang in order to help her but is defeated and is forced to retreat, losing ten thousand men and three thousand boats in the process. The queen abdicates and the son of the king of Lan Xang succeeds her.

1546 - 1551

Also king of Lan Xang (1547-1571).

1550

When Setthathirat announces his intention to return to Luang Prabang to concentrate on ruling Lan Xang, the nobles of Lan Na choose Mekuti as his successor. Mekuti succeeds in 1551.

1551

Queen regent. Abdicated.

1551 - 1564

Also prince of Mūang Nai.

1558

The Burmese conquer the capital of Chiang Mai. Lan Na comes under the suzerainty of Toungoo and its successor state, Ava, almost without interruption until 1774.

The Toungoo dynasty formed the ruling house in Burma between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth, known more broadly as the 'Second Burmese Empire' period

1564 - 1578

Queen. Ruled under Burmese controls.

1578 - 1607

Burmese prince appointed by his father.

1594 - 1602

Lan Na captures the Khmer capital at Phnom Penh, despite remaining under Burmese control almost continuously until 1804. The Thais of Ayutthaya gain suzerainty over Lan Na in 1602, only again relinquishing it to the Burmese in 1613.

1607 - 1608

Son. Disputed throne with brothers.

1607 - 1608

Brother. Considered king despite not securing capital. Died.

1608 - 1613

Brother.

1613

Burmese control is resumed and will last, with a few interruptions, until 1774. Those interruptions occur when Lan Na regains independence in 1727-1757 and 1761-1763.

1613 - 1615

Restored to throne.

1615 - 1631

Former ruler of Nan as Chao Pana Palasūk Sai.

1631

Talun-min, king of Toungoo, easily suppresses revolts in Chiang Mai (in 1631) and Fang (in 1632), both being towns within Lan Na. He carries off Si Song Muang and installs Phraya Thipphanet as his replacement.

The Lan Na people of today's northern Thailand arrived from even farther north during the ninth and tenth centuries, before forming a cohesive state in the thirteenth century

1631 - 1659

Former ruler of Chiang Saen.

1649 - 1662

Chao Pana Lae Mum, the older of two brother who are ruling Chiangkhong, is made governor of Nan in 1649. He rules there until 1662, when he is expelled by force and is sent to the south, despite the fact that the attack fails. His co-ruler and younger brother before he is sent to Nan is Chao Pana Yòt Cai, who becomes governor of Nan in 1665/1666.

1659 - 1672

Ruler of Phrae.

1663 - 1664

Ayutthaya briefly occupies Lan Na but is unable to retain control for long as the powerful Burmese and their 'Second Empire' again are able to expel the Thais. Lan Na loses all independence for a while as Burmese rulers take the throne for themselves.

1672 - 1675

Burmese ruler.

1675 - 1707

Burmese ruler.

1707 - 1727

Burmese ruler.

1727

A Thai rebel leader gains control of the state so that Lan Na is able to rebel against the Burmese of Ava and again become independent (until 1757).

General Phaya Taksin of Ayutthya soon announced his own state at Krung Thonburi, although it would only be short-lived

1727

Rebel. Believed to have magical powers.

1727 - 1759

Previously ruler of Luang Prabang (1713-1723).

1759 - 1761

Son.

1761 - 1763

Independent, but defeated by Burmese.

1761 - 1763

Khi Hut establishes a two-year period of independence from Burmese control until they return in 1762-1763 to conquer Chiang Mai and Lamphun. Large segments of the local population, both nobility and agrarian, are deported to Ava. This is all part of the Burmese effort to surround Ayutthaya, which is destroyed in 1767-1768.

1763 - 1771

Burmese ruler (uparat). Ruled humanely.

1768 - 1774

Burmese ruler (uparat).

1770 - 1776

The inflexible new Burmese governor, Moyagamani, forces the Thai people of Lan Na to adopt Burmese customs and dress styles while also aggravating the same people.

King Thibaw Min, the last independent ruler of pre-colonial Burma's Konbaung dynasty, with his modernised army which fought in the Third Anglo-Burmese War

They revolt against Burmese rule in 1771, and the state of Krung Thonburi takes advantage by expelling Burmese in Lan Na and annexing the country (in 1774). Phaya Taksin of Krung Thonburi rebuilds what had been Ayutthaya and expands it, adding what is now north-eastern Cambodia, Laos as far as Vientiane, and the northern Malay peninsula.

Lan Na becomes a principality under Thai suzerainty, with the title of the ruler reduced to chao (the Thai term for 'prince'). The city of Chiang Mai is abandoned until 1796.

1774 - 1776

A vassal of Krung Thonburi.

1782

Kawila, prince of Lampang and a major player in the recent revolt, is related by marriage to the new Thai king. He is elevated in 1782 to the rank of prince of newly-conquered Chiang Mai (Lan Na). The restored but reduced state of Lan Na now encompasses only the area around Lampang.

This photo shows a floating dock on the River Chao Phraya in Thailand's Bangkok around 1900, over a century after the city's founding by King Rama I

1782 - 1813

Also title 'king' after 1802. Previously ruler of Lampang.

1782 - 1796

Kawila establishes his capital at Pa Sang in 1782, with the traditional capital of Chiang Mai having been depopulated and returned to the jungle. He rebuilds Chiang Mai in 1796 and re-establishes his capital there.

1784

With a forty thousand-man army, the Burmese engage in their last major invasion of Lan Na. They are defeated at Lampang. The Thai victory brings into Kawila's orbit a number of Shan allies of Ava.

1798 or 1799

Bodawpaya of Ava appoints Cǫm Hong, a former high official in Chiang Saen, as rival king of Lan Na to emphasise his claim to the area. The claim is fruitless as Cǫm Hong is captured in 1802 by Kawil'as brother Thammalangka.

The captured official proves inconstant to the Burmese as he advises Kawila on advantageous movements to resettle areas in order to keep them out of the hands of the Burmese.

Pahtodawgyi at Mingun near Mandalay in Burma is the world's largest (unfinished) pagoda, having been ordered by Bodawpaya in 1790, but work stopped with only the bottom third having been completed when he died in 1819, and a severe earthquake dealt it a fatal blow (External Link: Creative Commons Licence Attribution 2.0 Generic)

1798/99 - 1802

Burmese rival king. Captured.

1802 - 1805

When Kawila attacks Kengtung its ruler, Sirichai is caught between his Burmese overlords and the oncoming Thais. According to the Kengtung State Chronicle, he evacuates the entire city so that Kawila captures it deserted and Sirichai avoids Burmese reprisals. Thai versions of the event downplay Kawila's achievement.

Sirichai's younger brother, Cao Mahakhanan, flees to Yang to the north of Kengtung where he continues fighting, but not against the Thais. Instead, he battles the Burmese before eventually withdrawing a number of years later to Chiang Saen.

The ruler of Yǫng submits to Lan Na and is promised resettlement with his people in fertile land near Chiang Mai. However, that land is already occupied by other defeated peoples so they are asked to settle near Lamphun. This they agree and several villages are established around the eastern banks of the River Kuang.

1804

The combined armies of Lan Na, Lampang, Vientiane, Nan, and Siam capture Chiang Saen, demolish its fortifications, and burn the city. The captured population is divided between the conquering armies.

Lampang began before AD 700 as a Mon settlement by the name of Kelang Nakorn within the Hariphunchai kingdom, before later being integrated into the Lanna kingdom (External Link: Creative Commons Licence Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic)

1813 - 1821

Brother. Viceroy (1813-1816), and then king.

1813 - 1857

Cao Mahakhanan accepts vassalage to Ava in 1813 and is invested as the ruler of Kengtung. His enthronement is meant to forestall more raids and deportations, and he does indeed rule until his death in 1857.

1821 - 1825

Brother of Kawila under Siam.

1825 - 1846

Cousin under Siam

1846 - 1854

Son of Thammalangka for Siam.

1854 - 1870

Son of Kawila for Siam.

1869

When Fa Kolan of Mǫk Mai refuses to resettle his people in Phrao, Kavilorot attacks the müang (principality) and himself carries out the resettlement process. This appears to be the last important instance in Thailand of the traditional and constant relocation practice which had been meant to ensure a large and thriving population.

Kavilorot ruled Chiang Mai between 1854-1870 with a strong, absolutist form of governance which was respected both by Siam and by the increasing presence of the United Kingdom

1871 - 1897

Viceroy for Siam (1871-1881).

1874

After negotiating a treaty with the United Kingdom which serves to adjust the frontier between Siam and British India, Siam takes the opportunity to expand its authority over Lan Na by appointing a commissioner to function jointly with the royal line.

1874 - 1880

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1880 - 1883

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1883 - 1884

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1884 - 1885

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1885 - 1887

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1887 - 1888

Siam royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1888 - 1889

Siam co-royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1888 - 1889

Siam co-royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1889 - 1893

Siam co-royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1889 - 1893

Siam co-royal commissioner in Chiang Mai.

1892

Lan Na is formally incorporated into the kingdom of Siam. The royal line nevertheless is permitted to retain power. Lan Na is reorganised to replace the traditional tributary political entities, and further reorganisations follow until 1931, with the province of Chiang Mai being created.

The Siamese royal barge is shown here on the River Chao Phraya at a time at which Siam's king worked hard to avoid being subsumed within French Indochina

1893 - 1899

Governor-general of Lao Chiang Phayap.

1897 - 1911

Siamese viceroy (1897-1901)

1899 - 1902

Governor-gen of Lao Chiang Phayap, then of Monthon Phayap.

1902 - 1915

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1911 - 1939

Siamese viceroy. The last with local independence.

1915 - 1922

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1922 - 1926?

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1926 - 1928

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1928 - 1932

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1932 - 1939

Governor-general of Monthon Phayap.

1939

With the death in 1939 of In Kaeo Nowarat the 'kingdom' of Lan Na and the royal line both come to an end. Siam replaces the position of nominally independent ruler with a governor who is appointed by the royal government in Bangkok.

King Chulalongkorn's funeral in 1910 was a state affair, documented in photographs and mourned by people wearing the seventeenth century costumes of Ayutthaya, Siam's former capital