Far East Kingdoms

Modern Siam / Thailand (Rattanakosin Kingdom / Chakri Dynasty)
AD 1782 - Present Day
Incorporating Heads of State (1782-2026) & Krung Thep

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The modern kingdom of Thailand is located across a wide central swathe of South-East Asia. It is bordered to its west by Burma, to the north and east by Laos, to the south-east by Cambodia, and to the south by Malaysia in the Malay peninsula (formerly known as the Indochinese peninsula). It contains several minority populations which include the Akha people and others.

The first historical records to concern the Thai people date to the eleventh century AD. Such groups of migrant settlers in Early Thailand were known as 'Syāṃ', with them being described as slaves of the powerful Cham people who could count Champa as their greatest state-building achievement. Gradually they cemented their position in the north, before extending southwards.

As the second Thai empire after the founding of Sukhothai, the state of Ayutthaya was founded in 1350. Located roughly fifty-five kilometres to the north of Bangkok, it survived until 1769. Replaced by a splinter state named Krung Thonburi, this short-lived state quickly conquered the other splinters and reunited the country. Just thirteen years after founding his kingdom, its sole ruler was executed by General Chao Phraya Chakri, allegedly because he had become psychotic.

The Rattanakosin kingdom and its ruling Chakri dynasty directly succeeded the Thonburi kingdom, witnessing the accession of a dynasty which remains on the throne in modern Thailand. Since 1932 the country has been governed as a constitutional monarchy (albeit with spells under military junta), with its capital at Bangkok (founded by the Chakris), and a population (in 2015) of over sixty-eight million.

The Chakris were inaugurated on 6 April 1782 following Phaya Taksin's execution. The official name of the monarch is always 'rama', with each monarch's personal name being shown after this. Initially the kingdom was 'Siam', an ancient name for Thai people and quite often for their most powerful state at any time.

During the great colonial age of the eighteenth to early twentieth centuries, Siam was the only country in the region to escape occupation and foreign rule. Instead its monarchy, Buddhist religion, and the military helped to shape a forward-thinking, progressive state which was able to negotiate its way around various attempts to initiate colonisation by European powers.

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(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information by John De Cleene and the John De Cleene Archive, from The Restoration of Thailand under Rama I, 1782-1809, Klaus Wenk (1968), from A History of Thailand, Chris Baker & Pasuk Phongpaichit (2005), from Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopaedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Keat Gin Ooi (ABC-Clio, 2004), from Early Mainland Southeast Asia, C Higham (River Books Co, 2014), from Encyclopaedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations, Charles F W Higham (Facts on File, 2004), from Historical Atlas of the World, R R Palmer (Ed, Chicago, 1963), and from External Links: BBC Country Profiles, and Royal Thai Army (in Thai), and Thai Government, and World Population Review, and Global Security, and Ancient Chinese farmers sowed literal seeds of change in south-east Asia (Science News), and Ayutthaya Historical Research, and The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, George Coedès (Walter F Vella (Ed), Susan Brown Cowing (Trans), University of Hawaii Press, 1968, and available online via the Internet Archive), and Ancient Kingship in Mainland Southeast Asia, M C Subhadradis Diskul (Kingship in Asia and Early Americas, Colegio de Mexico, 1981, accessed via JSTOR), and Yingluck Shinawatra... fled to Dubai (The Guardian), and Thailand and Cambodia agree ‘immediate’ ceasefire (The Guardian).)

1782 - 1809

Founded dynasty to replace Thonburi.

1782

Rama raises new laws to govern the country, and extends Siam's territory to encompass all of Vientiane, and parts of Burma, Cambodia, and the Kedah province in Malaysia (plus Phrae in 1787). Rama also realises that the capital at Krung Thonburi is vulnerable to invasion, so he has it moved across the River Chao Phaya to a small village known as Bangkok.

This photo shows a floating dock on the River Chao Phraya in Thailand's Bangkok around 1900, over a century after the city's founding by King Rama I

1785

Governor Boonhui of Songkhla flees to Bangkok where he obtains reinforcements and is restored to his throne after just a four month absence. Rama I is generous in victory to Chim, son of former Governor Yom, uncertain which leader would best be able to advance his southern defensive strategy.

1786

From Songkhla, Boonhui's planted informants within a Patani which has continued to refuse Siamese overlordship - even after all of its neighbours have given in - now help Rama conquer this recalcitrant city. Rama nevertheless allows the Patani kings to continue to rule as vassals (until their revolt of 1791).

1782 - 1803

Brother and 'Second King' (co-ruler and heir). Died.

1794

Rama agrees to restore Ang Eng to the Cambodian throne. However, Ang Eng has to cede the provinces of Battambang and Siem Reap, provinces which are not regained until 1907.

Songkhla (Singora or Singgora) is a city which today lies in Songkhla province in southern Thailand, near the border with Malaysia

1808 - 1809

Son of Rama I and 'Second King' (co-ruler and heir).

1809 - 1824

Royal 'rama' naming system established by his son.

1809 - 1817

Brother and 'Second King' (co-ruler and heir). Died.

1809

The reign of Phra Phutthaloetla Naphalai, who accedes as King Loetlanaphalai, is recognised as a glorious one for art and literature. He writes a new version of Ramayana, which becomes one of the most beautiful epics in history. Many pieces of valuable literature are written in this era.

However, as soon as he succeeds his father, he faces rebellion by Prince Kshatranichit, the surviving son of Taksin of the preceding Krung Thonburi kingdom. The rebellion is very quickly crushed.

Next is Bodawpaya of Burma, who marches an army into Chumporn and conquers Thalang (Phuket) in the same year. Loetlanaphalai sends his brother, Maha Senanurak, to recapture Thalang, which had been razed to the ground. This 'Thalang Campaign' is the last invasion by the Burmese into Siamese territory.

General Phaya Taksin of Ayutthya soon announced his own state at Krung Thonburi, although it would only be short-lived

1809

Son of Phaya Taksin of Krung Thonburi. Pretender.

1816

After Patani rebels against Siam's governance, the Siamese divide Patani into the seven divisions of Jalar, Jering, Legeh, Nongcik, Patani, Rahman, and Sai. The overall state retains its subject ruler with the title of raja dan sultan di Pattani Darussalam.

1824 - 1851

Son. Re-established vital trade relations with China.

1824 - 1832

Uncle and 'Second King' (co-ruler and heir). Died.

1826 - 1827

The First Anglo-Burmese War ends in 1826 with the Treaty of Yandabo, according to which Burma cedes the Arakan coastal strip, between Chittagong and Cape Negrais, to the British East India Company.

The British victory gives the subjugated King Anouvong of Vientiane (Laos) ideas of independence from his other oppressor, Siam. He advances to Korat, the main border city between Laos and Siam, but the non-Laos citizens there rebel against him and the Siamese army under Sakdiphonlasep catches up with him at Vientiane.

The French colonial presence in Laos built the Bureau de la Residence in 1915 (today it serves as the offices of the country's Ministry of Information and Culture)

After three days of fighting Anouvong is defeated but remains free to recapture his own capital from Siamese troops. The Siamese have to defeat him again, and the captured monarch is placed in a cage for the remaining year of his life. The Laos Rebellion is at an end.

1831 - 1834

The Siamese-Vietnamese War has the alternative title of the Siamese-Cambodian War. Following Ang Chan's recapture of the Cambodian throne in 1812, the Siamese have been moving into northern Cambodia and then advancing towards the south in support of their own claimant.

The Cambodians are routed at the Battle of Kompong Chang in 1832, and Ang Chan is forced to flee to Vietnam. Siam is soon distracted by a revolt by the Cambodians at the same time as the Vietnamese-controlled Laos revolt.

A Vietnamese army of fifteen thousand advances towards the Siamese in 1833, forcing the latter to withdraw. Ang Chan is restored, albeit as a Vietnamese puppet.

Today's Pattani province in southern Thailand is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning natural landscapes, and vibrant local communities as one of four provinces which comprise this far southern area with its diverse population of Thai Buddhists, Thai Muslims, and ethnic Malay Muslims

1841 - 1845

The 'Siamese-Vietnamese War in Cambodia', as it is known, has seen increasing Vietnamese influence in Cambodia during the reign of Queen Ang Mey. The Cambodians rebel in 1841, overthrowing the pro-Vietnamese elements and appealing to Siam.

Their chosen candidate is Prince Ang Duong, and he is duly installed by force in 1842. Vietnam and Siam now face strike and counter-strike by their respective armies while the Cambodians rebel against the same Siamese heavy-handedness which started the war in the first place.

The Vietnamese take Phnom Penh on 13 September 1845 and Siam is forced to withdraw. During the subsequent peace negotiations, Cambodia is placed under joint Siamese-Vietnamese protection.

A colourised version of a photograph of Cambodia's female monarch, Ang Mey, whose long life and service witnessed great change in the country

1851 - 1868

Son of Rama II. 'First King'. Killed by malaria.

Mongkut lives as a Buddhist monk for twenty-seven years before he becomes king. During his monastic period he learns seven languages including Latin and English. He also studies western sciences and adopts the discipline of the local Mon monks.

During his time on the throne he creates new laws to improve the rights of women and children, opens new waterways and roads, and creates the first printing press.

He is also made forever famous in the west by being the subject of the musical film, The King and I, and the novel upon which it is based in which his son and heir, Prince Chulalongkorn is also present.

1851 - 1866

Brother and 'Second King' (co-ruler and heir). Died.

1863

King Norodom requests that France establishes a protectorate over Cambodia, ending joint Siamese-Vietnamese protection. Siam voluntarily relinquishes its role and recognises the French protectorate of Cambodia.

The Siamese royal barge is shown here on the River Chao Phraya at a time at which Siam's king worked hard to avoid being subsumed within French Indochina

Vietnam has its own problems, with creeping French colonial activities taking place within its borders, while uninhabited parts of Siam are the destination in the late 1800s for Hmong migrants who are leaving the Lao kingdoms.

1868 - 1910

Son of Rama IV.

1868

Chulalongkorn continues his father's progressive policies with reforms of the state's tradition, legal, and administrative realms. As a starting point, officials are allowed to sit on chairs during royal audiences. Thailand also develops relations with European nations and the USA, and introduces schools, roads, railways, and Siam's first post office. The king even establishes a civil service system.

1886

Siam loses some territory to the French, Laos, and British-controlled Burma. After that Chulalongkorn declares his country to be an independent kingdom on 23 October 1886, making the day a national holiday (subsequently celebrated every year in commemoration of this event, with people laying wreaths in memory of the king they call 'Phra Piya Maharaj', with 'piya' meaning 'beloved' and 'maharaj' meaning 'great king').

King Chulalongkorn's funeral in 1910 was a state affair, documented in photographs and mourned by people wearing the seventeenth century costumes of Ayutthaya, Siam's former capital

1892

The king overhauls Siam's administration to a form of cabinet government which consists of twelve ministers. Lan Na is formally incorporated into the kingdom, although its royal line is permitted to retain power. Lampang, Lamphun, Nan, and Phrae are also formally incorporated.

1893

Siam has been refusing to give way to French advances along the Mekong, so French ships make a show of strength off Bangkok. Later in the year, on the advice of their British allies, Siam withdraws from the eastern bank of the Mekong and gives official recognition to French Indochina and its protectorate of Laos within the evacuated territory.

1894

Bangkok corrects the recent corruption of the Wu clan which has been ruling Songkhla since 1775 by appointing a governor to take control of the state's administration. Governor Chom remains nominal ruler.

1901 - 1902

The royal line of Songkhla is abolished in 1901 (the former state is detached from Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat in 1933). In the following year the seven districts of the former sultanate of Patani are formally incorporated into the kingdom of Siam.

For much of its existence the principality of Nakhon Si Thammarat was a vassal to greater regional powers until the latest of those - Siam - was able to absorb it fully

1903

The Akha establish their first hill tribe village in Thailand, in the Phaya Phrai region near the border with a Burma which is now a province of British India.

1910 - 1925

Son.

1910 - 1925

Vajiravudh introduces westernisation into Siam, bringing in primary school education and encouraging Thai women to grow their hair to a certain length. Surnames and football are also introduced. At the end of this period Lampang is fully incorporated into the kingdom.

1917 - 1918

Having jointly guaranteed in 1839 to support the neutrality of Belgium, when the country is invaded by Germany, Britain and all its territories and colonies (including Canada), France and Russia are forced to declare war at midnight on 4 August 1914.

The First World War begins (variously called World War I or the Great War) and, in 1917, Thailand decides to become an official ally of the United Kingdom.

George V steered Britain through the First World War and also ensured that the House of Windsor would survive at a time at which most of Europe's great monarchies were falling

1925 - 1935

Brother. Abdicated.

1931

The royal line of Nan ends and the principality is fully integrated into Thailand as the province of Nan. Due to its remoteness the province subsequently becomes a seat of power for bandits in the 1980s and a home for the 'People's Liberation Army of Thailand'.

1932

The world's economy is still suffering badly from the Great Depression, and Siam is heavily affected. Prachadhipok has already replaced many of Vajiravudh's discredited civilian advisers with more experienced members of the royal family. Unfortunately they have not adequately communicated their policies to the general populace.

Prachadhipok has been blocked from changing Siam's form of government from absolute monarchy to democracy, so elements of the military take the decision out of his hands in a bloodless coup.

The reforms are forced through, developing the new constitutional monarchy along British lines, with mixed military and civilian power-holders and a parliamentary government.

The state of Muang Pua was re-established and moved to Nan in the mid-fourteenth century when a group of small muang united to form the state of Nan, or Nanthaburi

Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, and his immediate successor, Lord Phibul Songkhram, are both key players in the coup - two of the so-called 'Four Musketeers'. The latter maintains his own position and power from 1938 until the end of the Second World War. Several other military leaders follow, and all of these are shown below with a shaded background.

1932 - 1938

Commander-in-chief of the military and the true power.

1933

Having retained a degree of self-governance between 1909 and 1933 under the auspices of appointed governors-general, the former principality of Nakhon Si Thammarat is now drawn fully into Thailand's administrative framework.

1935 - 1946

Nephew of Rama VII. Assassinated, circumstances unclear.

1938 - 1944

Military leader and the true power.

1939

With the death in 1939 of In Kaeo Nowarat the 'kingdom' of Lan Na and the royal line both come to an end. Siam replaces the position of nominally independent ruler with a governor who is appointed by the royal government in Bangkok.

Lord Plaek Pibul Songkhram as prime minister (right) and the police chief, Luang Chart, watch a helicopter demonstration in 1950, just twelve years after Songkhram had started to dominate the Thai government

1940 - 1941

From about October 1940 onwards, Thailand under the military domination of Lord Plaek Phibul Songkhram begins attacking the eastern banks of the Mekong between Vientiane and Champassak province, intent on creating a pan-Thai empire.

This erupts into a full Thai invasion of Laos in January 1941, but initial victories soon give way to a stalemate when the French colonial authorities of French Indochina win a great naval victory at Ko Chang. Around the same time the small principality of Mae Hong Son is fully absorbed into Thailand.

The Japanese overlords of the French now mediate a ceasefire, compelling the French colonial government to cede Champasak and Xaignabouli province in Laos and Battambang province in Cambodia to Thailand. This ends the war.

Wat Phra Kaew is one of modern Thailand's most sacred temples, being located in Chiang Rai, the birthplace of the Lanna kingdom

1941 - 1942

Almost simultaneous with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, their forces land in Siam's territory. Initial Siamese resistance is brief and, following negotiations, the Japanese forces are allowed to advance towards the British-controlled Malay peninsula, Singapore, and Burma.

Now under some pressure and persuasion from Japan, in 1942 the military government declares war on Britain and the US, although the Thai ambassador in Washington refuses to deliver the declaration to the US government.

Having been moved by his parents to Lausanne in Switzerland in 1933 for protection during the post-coup period, King Ananda is away again when the Japanese arrive. He is unable to return until 1945.

1946 - 2016

Brother of Rama VIII. World's longest-serving monarch.

1946 - 1947

The country's name is officially changed from Siam to Thailand, which is defined in the Thai language as 'Prathet Thai'. 'Prathet' means 'country' and 'Thai' means 'freedom', declaring Thailand to be the 'Free Country'.

Japan's occupation of Korea was viewed with some unease by the western powers but was generally accepted as being necessary to ensure peace and stability in the region

Unfortunately in the post-Second World War period, the country has many spells during which it is not as free as it should be. The military rules for much of the time, with a few interludes in which the country enjoys a democratically-elected government.

The first of these coups takes place in 1947. The military retains power continuously until 1973, despite attempted counter-coups by elements which are linked to the monarchy and by rival military elements.

1948 - 1957

Military leader who returned to power. Exiled.

1957

The coup d'état of 1957 - seemingly with US involvement - leads directly to a second coup in 1958, this time by Field Marshal Sarit Dhanaraj. He is supported by a good number of royalists who want to tilt the balance of power back in their favour. Phibul Songkhram is forced into exile in Japan, where he remains until his death in 1964.

1957 - 1963

Field marshal and the true power. Died in office.

1963 - 1973

Field marshal and the true power. Stepped down.

1973

Thanom Kittikachorn's constant self-promotion (literally, as he continually appoints himself to ever more senior military ranks and positions) has finally generated enough public discontent to make a difference.

Today's Lamphun province holds the former capital of the seventh century Hariphunchai empire, with two notable temples in the form of Wat Phra That Hariphunchai and Wat Phra That Lampang Luang

The '14 October 1973 Uprising' involves student-led demonstrations for a re-establishment of democratic government. Three days of violence later, Thanom Kittikachorn's regime collapses and he flees the country.

1976

Thanom returns to Thailand on in October, now in the guise of a novitiate monk. His return triggers student protests which quickly increase. Given the highly unstable political situation in the region, especially in Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam, right wing Thais see the protests as a move to initiate another communist takeover.

A massacre of protesters takes place on the Thammasat University campus, enacted principally by right wing activists but backed by the government. The military seizes power later that same day under the leadership of Admiral Sangad Chaloryu, removing the elected civilian government from power. However, it is the king who appoints the new prime minister, and the military are limited to secondary posts.

As the Vietnam War took hold in the 1960s, North Vietnamese troops started using Laos as a way of getting past US and South Vietnamese defences, thereby bringing the war to Laos itself

1976

Admiral and coup leader.

1976 - 1977

Civilian prime minister, unelected and dictatorial.

1977

An attempted coup is foiled without being able to achieve its aim of removing Tanin Kraivixien, who has proved himself to be a dictator in all but name. Admiral Sangad Chaloryu steps in and personally ensures the prime minister's removal.

As the head of the 'National Administrative Reform Council' (NARC) - the military junta which takes control - he briefly rules before being replaced by the true power behind NARC, Kriangsak Chamanan.

1977

Led a fresh coup.

1977 - 1980

Military leader. Power behind NARC (the junta). Retired.

1980 - 1988

Military leader.

1988

Prem Tinsulanonda dissolves parliament following political unrest. He calls for a general election and refuses requests to return to his role as premier. Instead the winning 'Chart Thai Party' now governs the country.

2001 - 2014

Thai politics becomes dominated by the irreconcilable split between the supporters and detractors of Thaksin Shinawatra, who serves as the new prime minister until he is ousted by the military in 2006. Thaksin's sister, Yingluck, becomes prime minister following the 2011 election but in turn is ousted by a military coup in 2014.

The 2014 army coup in Thailand was largely peaceful, but after a week of protests the army chiefs decided enough was enough and banned further demonstrations

The government and military control nearly all of the national terrestrial television networks and operate many of Thailand's radio networks. The media are free to criticise government policies, and cover instances of corruption and human rights abuses, but journalists tend to exercise self-censorship regarding the military, the monarchy, the judiciary, and other sensitive issues.

2014 - 2023

Military leader and the true power.

2016

The death of eighty-eight year-old King Rama IX on Thursday 13 October 2016 prompts a national outpouring of grief for the beloved monarch. Two days later the crown prince, Maha Vajiralongkorn, announces a personal period of mourning of a year, with his coronation delayed until then.

The country also enters a period of mourning which will last a year, with entertainment events and tv toned down or cancelled altogether. Former Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda stands in as regent for the duration.

Yingluck Shinawatra, former prime minister of Thailand, apparently fled in August 2017 to Dubai according to senior members of her party, a day after she failed to show up for a negligence ruling in which she faced up to ten years in prison

2016 - Present

Son and heir of Rama IX. Born 28.06.1952.

2016

The fact that Maha Vajiralongkorn has been married four times and divorced three times, and has eight children, makes the succession rather more complicated than it normally would be.

His sons by his second wife have been stripped of their royal status following their father's divorce and their mother leaving Thailand to live first in the UK and then the USA. The daughter from that relationship had soon been kidnapped by Vajiralongkorn and brought back to Thailand where she is been confirmed as Princess Sirivannavari Nariratana.

The king has married twice since that relationship, first to Srirasmi Suwadee (divorced 2014), and then to Nui, more formally known as Suthida Vajiralongkorn. The first of those unions produces Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, the current heir presumptive, while the second produces a boy (around 2014-2015) who would seem to be second in line to the throne.

Maha Vajiralongkorn is better known by his reignal name of Rama X, the tenth monarch of the Chakri dynasty, Thailand's reigning dynasty since 1782, and the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Siriki

2019

In an unprecedented move in February 2019, the king's elder sister, Ubol Ratana, announces her candidacy for the position of prime minister in the 2019 general election, running as a candidate for the Thaksin Shinawatra-allied 'Thai Raksa Chart Party'.

On the very same day the king issues a strongly-worded statement which makes clear the inappropriateness of her candidacy. The country's election commission subsequently disqualifies her from running for prime minister.

The Thai Raksa Chart party is dissolved on 7 March 2019 by order of the country's constitutional court and its political leaders are banned from politics for a decade.

2025

Thailand and Cambodia agree to an 'immediate' ceasefire on 26December 2025, pledging to end weeks of deadly border clashes which have killed more than a hundred and have displaced more than half a million on both sides. Lack of agreement on the shared border is the ultimate cause, but other factors can be included.

Following a 2025 revival of an old border dispute, Cambodia and Thailand issued a statement to the effect that a ceasefire would stand from noon on Saturday 27 December 2025 and would involve 'all types of weapons, including attacks on civilians, civilian objects and infrastructures, and [the] military objectives of either side, in all cases and all areas'

Son and heir presumptive.