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The Mongols |
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The Great Khans
AD 1206 - 1388 |
1206 - 1227 |
Temujin / Chingiz
Khan / Genghis Khan |
Born c.1162. |
1211 - 1216 |
The Chin empire in
China is attacked. |
1217 - 1218 |
The Qara-Khitaï
are overthrown. |
1219 - 1221 |
The
eastern section of Khawarizmia
/ Khwarazm is
overcome after the shah decapitates Chingiz's ambassador. |
1221 |
The Indus Valley
falls to the Mongols. |
1223 |
The kingdom of
Georgia
is subordinated. |
1226 - 1227 |
The Hsi-Hsia
are overthrown. |
1226 |
The
White Horde continues under separate rule. |
1227 |
The
Golden & Blue Hordes continue under separate rule as the
Great Khans concentrate on
China.
Chingiz Khan's second son, Chagatai Khan, inherits
Mughulistan. Ögedei Khan inherits the Great Khanate in Central Asia. |
1229 - 1241 |
Ögedei Khan |
Son. |
1230 - 1234 |
The Chin are overthrown. |
1231 |
Control over the kingdom of
Georgia
is reaffirmed by a new invasion which also overruns
Khwarazm. The
latter becomes part of the Il-Khan
controlled territories of Persia.
Korea is also invaded. |
1241 - 1246 |
Toregene Khatun |
Regent. |
1243 |
The Seljuq
Sultanate of Rum is overcome and is reduced to vassal status by the
Mongols. |
1246 - 1248 |
Guyuk Khan |
|
1248 - 1251 |
Oghul Ghaymish |
Regent. |
1250 |
Following a siege, Aleppo is captured and destroyed by the Mongols while the
sultan of
Egypt,
al-Muazzam, is commanding there. Unusually, the defeated defenders are
allowed to live. |
1251 - 1259 |
Mongke Khan |
|
1256 |
The
descendents of Chingiz Khan divide up the Mongol empire. The
Il Khans under Hulegu, son of Tolui,
son of Chingiz, gain Persia and
Mesopotamia. |
1260 |
Damascus
is occupied by the Mongols, then seized by the
Mameluke Baybars I. |
1260 - 1294 |
Kublai Khan / Qubilai Khan |
Born 1215. Shih Tsu
in China in 1280. |
1267 - 1279 |
The Southern Sung
are conquered and with that the Great Khans concentrate their rule almost
entirely on China
itself (from this point the list of Mongol rulers is repeated under the
Chinese Yuan dynasty). |
|
1274 |
The first Mongol invasion of
Japan is
defeated through bad weather conditions, with the outnumbered Japanese
facing superior and much more modern forces. |
|
1281 |
The second Mongol invasion of
Japan is
again defeated through bad weather conditions. |
1294 - 1307 |
Temur Öljeytu Khan |
Ch'eng Tsung 1295. |
1307 - 1311 |
Qayshan Guluk / Hai-Shan |
Wu Tsung 1308. |
1308 |
The Seljuq
Sultanate of Rum collapses and the area is ruled through regional governors by
the Mongols. |
1311 - 1320 |
Ayurparibhadra / Ayurbarwada |
Jen Tsung 1312. |
1320 - 1323 |
Suddhipala Gege'en / Shidebala |
Ying Tsung 1321. |
1323 - 1328 |
Yesun-Temur |
Tai-ting Ti 1324. |
1328 |
Arigaba / Aragibag |
|
1328 - 1329 |
Jijaghatu Toq-Temur |
|
1329 |
Qoshila Qutuqtu |
Wen Tsung? 1330. |
1329 - 1332 |
Jijaghatu Toq-Temur |
Ming Tsung 1329. |
1332 - 1333 |
Rinchenpal / Irinchibal |
|
1333 - 1370 |
Toghan-Temur |
Shun Ti 1333. |
1336 |
The Mongol
Jalayirid
Sultanate establishes itself in southern and western
Persia, as well as taking control of the areas of former
Rum
not conquered by the expanding
Ottomans. |
1368 |
The Mongols are expelled from China. |
1370 - 1388 |
Togus-Temur |
Line continues in
Mongolia until 17th century. |
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The Chaghatayid / Jagatai-id Khans of Mughulistan
AD 1227 - 1363 |
1227 - 1244 |
Chaghatay / Jagatai
/ Chagatai Khan |
Son of Chingiz Khan. |
1244 - 1246 |
Qara Hulegu |
First rule. |
1246 - 1251 |
Yesu Mongke |
|
1251 - 1252 |
Qara Hulegu |
Second rule. |
1252 - 1260 |
Orqina Khatun |
|
1260 - 1266 |
Alughu |
|
1266 |
Mubarak Shah |
|
c.1266 - 1271 |
Baraq / Ghiyath ad Dîn |
|
1271 - 1272 |
Negubey |
|
1272 - 1282 |
Buqa / Toqa Temur |
|
c.1282 - 1306 |
Du'a |
|
1306 - 1308 |
Konchek |
|
1308 - 1309 |
Taliqu |
|
1309 |
Kebek |
First rule. |
1309 - 1320 |
Esen Buqa |
|
c.1320 - 1326 |
Kebek |
Second rule. |
1326 |
Eljigedey |
|
1326 |
Du'a Temur |
|
1326 - 1334 |
Tarmashirin Ala ad Din |
|
1334 |
Buzan |
|
1334 - 1338 |
Changshi |
|
c.1338 - 1342 |
Yesun Temur |
|
c.1342 - 1343 |
Muhammad |
|
1343 - 1346 |
Qazan |
|
1346 - 1348 |
Danishmendji |
|
1348 - 1358 |
Buyan Quli |
Killed. |
1359 |
Shah Temur |
|
1359 - 1363 |
TughlughTemur |
|
1363 |
While conquering Transoxiana and Khorasan from
Khwarazm in the name of the khanate, the Timurids succeed to
western Mughulistan, placing figurehead Mongols on the throne. Timur
rules from behind the throne as amir. |
1364 - 1370 |
Khabul Shah |
Puppet for the western khanate. |
1370 - 1384 |
Soyurghatmïsh
Khan / Suurgatmish |
Son of Danishmendji. Puppet khan. |
1384 - 1402 |
Sultan Mahmud |
Son. Puppet khan. |
1402 |
Mahmud's death marks the end of the Chaghatayid khans, although figurehead
puppets continue to be appointed by the Timurids.
Many of them are entirely unknown, although one of them, Satuk Khan,
attempts to establish the independence of Mughulistan, without success. |
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The Khans of the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate)
The Khans of the Blue Horde |
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Juchi / Jochi |
Son of Chingiz Khan. Ruled Central Asia in his name. |
1227 - 1256 |
Batu Khan |
Son. |
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Shiban / Shayban |
Brother. |
1227 |
Shiban is too young when his father dies to gain any territories himself,
despite being one of Juchi's sub-commanders of the
White Horde. Instead, his
descendants, the Shaibanids,
carve out their own territory in the fifteenth century in Turkestan when
they conquer
Transoxiana and
Khorasan. |
1236 - 1239 |
Russia
is conquered. |
1239 - 1242 |
Europe is invaded.
In 1241, Batu Khan leads the Mongols into
Galicia, capturing the capital and
destroying the cathedral. Galicia drives out the Mongols upon Batu Khan's
death, but they retain suzerainty. |
1256 - 1257 |
Sartaq |
|
1257 |
Ulaghchi |
|
1257 - 1267 |
Berke |
|
1260 |
A
Mameluke who had been born a Kipchak Turk and who had been captured by
Mongols and sold as a slave, now becomes sultan of
Egypt. Sultan Baybars makes the sultanate a force to be reckoned with
against later Mongol incursions. |
1267 - 1280 |
Mongke Temur |
|
1280 - 1287 |
Tode Mongke |
|
1287 - 1291 |
Tole Buqa |
|
1291 - 1313 |
Toqta |
|
1313 - 1341 |
Muhammad Özbeg |
|
1341 - 1342 |
Toni Beg |
|
1342 - 1357 |
Jani Beg |
|
1357 - 1359 |
Berdi Beg |
|
1357 - 1380 |
Period of anarchy. |
1378 |
The
Blue and Golden Horde is united with
the White Horde to form
a greater Golden Horde. |
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The Khans of the White Horde |
1226 - 1280 |
Orda |
|
1280 - 1302 |
Kochu |
|
1302 - 1309 |
Buyan |
|
1309 - 1315 |
Sasibuqa (?) |
|
c.1315 - 1320 |
Ilbasan |
|
1320 - 1344 |
Mubarak Khwaja |
|
1344 - 1374 |
Chimtay |
|
1374 - 1376 |
Urus |
|
1376 - 1377 |
Toqtaqiya |
|
1377 |
Temur Malik |
|
1378 |
The
White Horde unites with
the Blue Horde to form
a greater Golden Horde. |
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The Khans of the Golden Horde |
1377 - 1378 |
Toqtamish |
|
1378 |
The
White Horde &
Blue Horde unite to form a greater Golden Horde. |
1378 - 1395 |
Toqtamish |
|
1395 |
The Golden Horde is beaten by Timur of
Persia, allowing him to claim complete control of the Caucuses. |
1395 - 1419 |
Edigu |
Vizier |
1395 - 1401 |
Temur Qutlugh |
|
1401 - 1407 |
Shadî Beg |
|
1407 - 1410 |
Pulad Khan |
|
1410 - 1412 |
Temur |
|
1412 |
Jalal ad Din |
|
1412 - 1414 |
Karim Berdi |
|
1414 - 1417 |
Kebek |
|
1417 - 1419 |
Yeremferden ? |
|
1419 - 1422 |
Ulugh Muhammad |
Rival. |
1419 - 1422 |
Dawlat Berdi |
Rival. |
1422 - 1433 |
Baraq |
|
c.1433 - 1435 |
Sayyid Ahmad I |
|
c.1435 - 1465 |
Kuchuk Muhammad |
|
c.1465 - 1481 |
Ahmad |
|
1480 |
Ivan III refuses
tribute to the khans. The independence of
Moscow is confirmed. |
1481 - 1498 |
Shaykh Ahmad |
|
1481 - 1499 |
Murtada |
|
1499 - 1502 |
Shaykh Ahmad |
|
1502 |
The
Golden Horde is defeated and annexed
by the khans of the Crimea. |
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The Khans of Astrakhan |
1466 - 1490 |
Qasim |
|
1490 - 1504 |
Abd al Karim |
|
1504 - 1532 |
Qasay |
|
1532 - 1534 |
Aq Kobek |
|
1534 - 1538 |
Abd al Rahman |
|
1541 - 1544 |
Aq Kobek |
|
1538 - 1541 |
Shaykh Haydar |
|
1544 - 1554 |
Yaghmurchi |
|
1554 |
The khans of Astrakhan are conquered by the
Russians
under Ivan IV. |
1554 - 1557 |
Darwîsh Alî |
Russian vassal. |
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The Khans of Kazan |
1437 - 1445 |
Ulugh Muhammad |
|
1445 - 1462 |
Mahmud |
|
1462 - 1467 |
Khalil |
|
1467 - 1479 |
Ibrahim |
|
1479 - 1484 |
Alî |
First rule. |
1484 - 1485 |
Muhammad Amin |
First rule. |
1485 - 1487 |
Alî |
Second rule. |
1487 - 1495 |
Muhammad Amin |
Second rule. |
1495 - 1496 |
Mamuq |
Siberian Khan. |
1496 - 1502 |
Abd al Latif |
|
1502 - 1518 |
Muhammad Amin |
Third rule. |
1508 - 1510 |
The
Shaibanids carry out a number of raids into the khanate from their
empire in Transoxiana, but their ruler, Mohammed Shaibani, is
killed on one of them in 1510, bringing the prominence of his short-lived
empire to an end.
|
1519 - 1521 |
Shah Alî |
First rule. Khan of Qasimov |
1521 - 1524 |
Shah Alî |
Second rule. |
1524 - 1531 |
Safa Giray |
First rule |
1531 - 1533 |
Jan Alî |
|
1533 - 1546 |
Safa Giray |
Second rule. |
1546 |
Sahib Giray |
|
1546 |
Safa Giray |
Third rule. |
1549 - 1551 |
Ötemish |
|
1551 - 1552 |
Shah Alî |
Third rule. |
1552 |
Yadigar Muhammad |
|
1552 |
The khans of Kazan are conquered by the
Russians
under Ivan IV. |
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The Khans of Crimea |
1449 - 1456 |
Hajji Giray I |
First rule. |
1456 |
Haydar Giray |
|
1456 - 1466 |
Hajji Giray I |
Second rule. |
1466 - 1467 |
Nur Dawlat Giray |
First rule. |
1467 - 1474 |
Mengli Giray |
First rule. |
1474 - 1475 |
Nur Dawlat Giray |
Second rule. |
|
1475 |
The khanate becomes a vassal of the
Ottoman Turks, and
remains so until its end. |
1475 - 1476 |
Mengli Giray |
Second rule. |
1476 - 1478 |
Nur Dawlat Giray |
Third rule. |
1478 - 1514 |
Mengli Giray |
Third rule. |
1514 - 1523 |
Muhammad Giray I |
|
1523 - 1524 |
Ghazî Giray I |
|
1524 - 1532 |
Sa'adat Giray I |
|
1532 |
Islam Giray I |
|
1532 - 1551 |
Sahib Giray I |
|
1551 - 1577 |
Dawlat Giray I |
|
1577 - 1584 |
Muhammad Giray II |
|
1584 - 1588 |
Islam Giray II |
|
1588 - 1596 |
Ghazi Giray II |
First rule. |
1596 |
Fath. Giray I |
|
1596 - 1608 |
Ghazi Giray II |
Second rule. |
1608 |
Toqtamish Giray |
|
1608 - 1610 |
Salamat Giray I |
|
1610 |
Muhammad Giray III |
First rule. |
1610 - 1623 |
Jani Beg Giray |
First rule. |
1623 - 1624 |
Muhammad Giray III |
Second rule. |
1624 |
Jani Beg Giray |
Second rule. |
1624 - 1627 |
Muhammad Giray III |
Third rule. |
1627 - 1635 |
Jani Beg Giray |
Third rule. |
1635 - 1637 |
Inayat Giray |
|
1637 - 1641 |
Bahadur Giray I |
|
1641 - 1644 |
Muhammad Giray IV |
First rule. |
1644 - 1654 |
Islam Giray III |
|
1654 - 1666 |
Muhammad Giray IV |
Second rule. |
1666 - 1671 |
Âdil Giray |
|
1671 - 1678 |
Salim Giray I |
First rule. |
1678 - 1683 |
Murad Giray |
|
1683 - 1684 |
Hajji Giray II |
|
1684 - 1691 |
Salim Giray I |
Second rule. |
1691 |
Sa'adat Giray II |
|
1691 - 1692 |
Safa Giray |
|
1692 - 1699 |
Salim Giray I |
Third rule. |
1699 - 1702 |
Dawlat Giray II |
First rule. |
1702 - 1704 |
Salim Giray I |
Fourth rule. |
1704 - 1707 |
Ghazi Giray III |
|
1707 - 1708 |
Qaplan Giray I |
First rule. |
1708 - 1713 |
Dawlat Giray II |
Second rule. |
1713 - 1716 |
Qaplan Giray I |
Second rule. |
1716 - 1717 |
Dawlat Giray III |
|
1717 - 1724 |
Sa'adat Giray III |
|
1724 - 1730 |
Mengli Giray II |
First rule. |
1730 - 1736 |
Qaplan Giray I |
Third rule. |
1736 - 1737 |
Fath. Giray II |
|
1737 - 1740 |
Mengli Giray II |
Second rule. |
1740 - 1743 |
Salamat Giray II |
|
1743 - 1748 |
Salim Giray II |
|
1748 - 1756 |
Arslan Giray |
First rule. |
1756 - 1758 |
Halim Giray |
|
1758 - 1764 |
Qirim Giray |
First rule. |
1764 - 1767 |
Salim Giray III |
First rule. |
1767 |
Arslan Giray |
Second rule. |
1767 - 1768 |
Maqsud Giray |
First rule. |
1768 - 1769 |
Qirim Giray |
Second rule. |
1769 |
Dawlat Giray IV |
First rule. |
1769 - 1770 |
Qaplan Giray II |
|
1770 - 1771 |
Salim Giray III |
Second rule. |
1771 - 1772 |
Maqsud Giray |
Second rule. |
1772 - 1775 |
Sahib Giray II |
|
1775 - 1777 |
Dawlat Giray IV |
Second rule. |
1777 - 1782 |
Shahin Giray |
First rule. |
1782 - 1783 |
Bahadur II Giray |
|
1783 - 1787 |
Shahin Giray |
Second rule. Russian vassal |
1783 |
The khanate is annexed by the
Russians
under Catherine II the Great. |
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