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Kingdoms of Europe from Gaul to the Russias, and Scandinavia to the Italian & Iberian Peninsulas.
EARLY CULTURES
Eastern Europe:
Lusatian Culture
Pomeranian Culture / Pomeralian Face Urn
Oxhöft / Oksywie Culture
Przeworsk Culture
Willenberg / Wielbark Culture
Vidivarii / Vidivarian Culture
Cyprus:
Akrotiri Culture
Khirokitia Culture
Sotira Culture
Erimi Culture
Philia Culture
Late Bronze Period
BARBARIAN EUROPE
Celtic Tribes (Early):
In development for 2013/2014
Celtic Tribes (Belgae):
Celtic Tribes in Britain
Celtic Tribes (Gaul):
Celtic Tribes (Germania):
Lugii
Mugilones
Sibini
Zumi
More in development for 2013/2014
Celtic Kingdoms (Iberia):
In development
Celtic Kingdoms (Eastern):
Germanic Tribes:
Alemanni (Suevi)
Ampsivarii
Angrivarii
Bastarnae
Batavi
Bavarii
Bructeri
Burgundians (Burgundiones)
Buri (Suevi)
Canninefates
Chamavi
Charudes / Charoudes
Chasuarii
Chattuarii
Chauci
Cherusci
Cimbri
Dulgubnii (Doulgoumnioi)
Eruli
Franks
Gepids
Goths
Harudes
Hermunduri
Heruli (Heruls)
Hetwara
Hugas
Langobards (Lombards)
Marsi
Ostrogoths
Peucini
Quadi (Suevi)
Rugii (Suevi)
Saxons
Scirii
Suevi (Suebi)
Tencteri
Teutones
Turcilingi
Vandali (Vandals)
Varini
Visigoths
Warini (Werns)
More in development
Other Tribes:
Alauni
Roxolani
Slavic Tribes:
Return to top ^
WESTERN EUROPE
Post-Roman Gaul:
Celtic Tribes of Gaul
Kingdom of Armorica (Brittany)
Domain of Soissons
France:
Tribal Leaders
Frankish Minor Kings
Merovingian Kings of the Franks
Carolingian (Frankish) Empire
Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks (Italy)
Carolingian Kings of West Franks (France)
Carolingian Kings of East Franks (Germany)
Capetian Dynasty
Valois Dynasty
Bourbon Dynasty
French First Republic
French First Empire
Bourbon Restoration
French Second Republic
French Second Empire
French Republics
Heirs of Napoleon Bonaparte
RELATED LINKS: Frankish Kingdoms AD 481-511 Frankish Kingdoms AD 511
SPECIAL INDEX:
Churches of France An index of churches in various regions of France, beginning in the city of Paris.
IN DEPTH:
The Napoleonic Wars A chronology of the major events which shaped Europe between 1769-1821.
The McDonalds of the French Empire A young refugee from Culloden and his son, a Marshal of France.
Merovingian Splinter States:
Kingdom of Austrasia (Rheims)
Kingdom of Orleans
Kingdom of Paris / Neustria
Kingdom of Burgundy
Duchy & Kingdom of Aquitaine
Carolingian Splinter States:
Kingdom of Aquitaine
Kingdom of (Upper) Burgundy
Duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Aquitaine / Guyenne
Kingdom of Lotharingia / Lorraine
Margraves And Counts of Flanders
Principality of Andorra
Duchy of Normandy
Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Upper Lorraine
Duchy of Lower Lorraine
Later French States:
Kingdom of French Navarre
Netherlands / Holland:
Pre-Roman Frisia
Frisian Folk Mothers
Kings of Frisia (Friso)
Kings of Frisia (Ubbo)
Kings of Frisia / Friesland (Offo)
Counts of Friesland (House of Fries)
Counts of West-Frisia (House of Holland)
Counts of Holland (House of Holland)
Counts of Holland-Hennegau (House of Avesnes)
Counts of Holland (House of Beiers)
Counts of Holland (House of Burgundy)
Counts of Holland (House of Habsburg)
Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange)
Stadhouder Princes of Holland (Orange-Nassau)
Kingdom of Holland (Bonapartes)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau)
Kings of the Belgians
Netherlands Churches An index of churches old and new in the south-eastern corner of the Netherlands.
Luxembourg:
County of Luxemburg
Duchy of Luxemburg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
IBERIAN PENINSULA
Pre-Roman Spain:
Gadir (Cadiz)
Celtic Tribes of Iberia
Post-Roman & Islamic Spain:
Vandali Kingdom of Spain
Suevi Kingdom of Gallaecia
Kingdom of the Visigoths
Umayyad / Omayyid Amirs of Spain
Umayyad / Omayyad Caliphs of Spain
Nasrid Kings of Granada
Christian Spain:
County of Barcelona
Christian Kingdom of Asturias & Galicia
Kingdom of Navarre / Nafarroa
Kingdom of Leon
Kingdom of Aragon
Kingdom of Galicia
Kingdom of Castile
United Spain:
Habsburg Dynasty
Savoy Dynasty / First Republic
Bourbon Dynasty (Restored)
Second Republic / Regency
Portugal:
(First) County of Oporto (House of Perez)
(Second) County of Portugal (Pre-Burgundy)
Kingdom of Portugal (House of Burgundy)
Kingdom of Portugal (House of Aviz)
Kingdom of Portugal (House of Habsburg)
Kingdom of Portugal (House of Braganza)
Modern Portugal
ITALIAN PENINSULA
Early Italy:
Corsica
Sardinia
Apennine Culture / Terramare Culture
Villanova Civilis
Iron Age Italy:
Aequi (Sabellians)
Aurunci
Ausones
Brutii
Camertes (Umbri)
Carracini (Samnites)
Caudini (Samnites)
Chones
Corsi
Dauni
Elymi
Etruscans
Frentani (Samnites)
Hernici (Sabellians)
Hirpini (Samnites)
Iapyges
Insurbes (Umbri)
Isombri (Umbri)
Itali
Lucani
Marrucini (Sabellians)
Marsi / Marruvii (Sabellians)
Messapii
Morgetes
Oenotri
Opici
Paeligni
Pentri (Samnites)
Peucetii
Picentes (Sabellians)
Sabini (Sabellians)
Samnites (Sabellians)
Sardi
Sarsinates (Umbri)
Sicani
Siculi
Sidicini
Umbri (Sabellians)
Vestini (Sabellians)
Vilombri (Umbri)
Volsci
Celtic Tribes of Italy
GALLERY FOCUS:
Magna Graecia:
Syracuse
Rome:
Latin Kings of Alba Longa
Kingdom of Rome
Republic of Rome
Empire of Rome
Julian-Claudian Dynasty
Soldier Emperors
Flavians
Adoptive Emperors
Unassociated Emperors
Severans
Tetrarchs
Second Flavian Dynasty
Western Roman Empire
Gothic Kingdom of Italy
Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy
Post-Roman Italian Regions:
Naples
Savoy
Sicily
Post-Roman Italian States:
Republic of Venice
Vandali Governors of Sardinia
Medieval Corsica
Byzantine Sicily
Byzantine Sardinia
Exarchate of Ravenna
Byzantine Dukes of Neapolis
North Italian Kingdom of the Lombards
Independent Duchy of Benevento
Independent Duchy of Spoleto
Later Northern Italian States:
Lugano
Carolingian Kings of Middle Franks
Frankish Kings of Italy
Consuls & Senators of Rome
Counts of Savoy
Lombard League
Senatores of Rome
Lords of Milan
Duchy of Milan
Dukes of Savoy
Counts of Lugano (Sanseverino)
Dukes of Marsi (Colonna)
Counts of Lugano (Non-Dynastic)
Later Southern Italian States:
Independent Dukes of Naples
Principality of Benevento
Islamic Sicily
Giudici of Arborea (Sardinia)
Giudici of Cagliari (Sardinia)
Giudici of Gallura (Sardinia)
Giudici of Logudoro (Sardinia)
Emirate of Sicily (Kalbids)
Counts (Dukes) of Apulia
Counts of Sicily
Norman Kingdom of Naples & Sicily
Angevin Kingdom of Naples
Aragon Kingdom of Sicily
Genoese Corsica
Viceroys of Aragonese Sardinia
Aragon Kingdom of Naples & Sicily
Early Modern Italy:
Viceroys of Spanish Sardinia
Spanish Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Austrian Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Kings of Sardinia & Savoy
Viceroys of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy)
Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Corsican Republic
French Corsica
Modern Italy:
Cispadane & Transpadane Republics of Italy
Cisalpine Republic of Italy
Italian Republic
Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Italy (House of Savoy)
Modern Italy
Bishops of Rome / Popes (Catholic Church)
Byzantine Popes (Catholic Church)
Frankish Popes (Catholic Church)
Feudal Popes (Catholic Church)
Medieval Popes (Catholic Church)
Great Schism Popes (Catholic Church)
Renaissance Popes (Catholic Church)
Early Modern Popes (Catholic Church)
Modern Popes (Catholic Church)
CENTRAL EUROPE
Barbarian TRIBES:
Celtic & Germanic Tribes of Central Europe
Alans (Alani / Geloni)
Bavarii Confederation
Huns
Barbarian Kingdoms:
Kingdom of the Burgundians
Old Saxony
Germanic States
RELATED LINKS: Map of the Confederation of German States 1815
German Empire:
East Francia
Holy Roman Empire
Frankish Roman Emperors
Germanic Roman Emperors
Saxon Holy Roman Emperors
Franconian Emperors
Hohenstaufen (Swabian) Emperors
Non-Dynastic Emperors
Habsburg Emperors (First Reich)
Frankish Stem Duchies:
Duchy of Bavaria (Welfs)
Duchy of Franconia
Duchy & Kingdom of Saxony (Ottonians)
Duchy of Swabia
County of Thuringia
Austria:
Margraves of Austria (Regensburg)
Dukes of Austria (Zahringen)
Dukes of Austria (Przemyslid)
Dukes of Austria (Habsburg)
Archdukes of Austria (Habsburg)
Archdukes of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg)
Emperors of Austria (Lorraine-Habsburg)
Modern Austria
Margraves of Styria
County of Tyrol
Baden:
Margraves of Baden
Margraves of Baden-Baden
Margraves of Baden-Durlach
Grand Dukes of Baden
Bavaria:
Bavarian Confederation
Duchy of Bavaria (Wittelsbachs)
Duchy of Bavaria (Palatinate Wittelsbachs)
Kingdom of Bavaria
Hereditary Kings of Bavaria
Brandenburg-Prussia:
Margraves of the North March
Margraves of Brandenburg (Ascanians)
Margraves of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs)
Electors of Brandenburg (Wittelsbachs)
Electors of Brandenburg (Luxembourg)
Electors of Brandenburg (Hohenzollern)
Kingdom of Prussia
German Empire
German Republics
Modern Germany
Franconia:
Hesse:
Landgraves of Hesse
Dukes of Hesse
Landgraves of Hessen-Kassel
Kurfürsts of Hessen-Kassel (zu Rumpenheim)
Landgraves of Hessen-Marburg
Landgraves of Hessen-Rheinfels(-Rotenburg)
Landgraves of Hessen-Rheinfels-Wanfried
Landgraves of Hessen-Eschwege
Landgraves of Hessen-Philippsthal
Landgraves of Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
Landgraves of Hessen-Darmstadt
Grand Dukes of Hessen-Darmstadt (& the Rhine)
Landgraves of Hessen-Homburg
Landgraves of Hessen-Butzbach
Landgraves of Hessen-Braubach
Landgraves of Hessen-Darmstadt-Itter
House of Hessen-Battenburg
Hereditary Heirs of Hesse
Liechtenstein / Vaduz:
County of Vaduz (Schellenberg)
County of Vaduz (Werdenberg)
County of Vaduz (Brandis)
County of Vaduz (Sulz)
Principality of Hohenems-Vaduz
Principality of Liechtenstein
Lippe:
County of Lippe
County of Lippe-Alverdissen
County of Lippe-Brake
County of Lippe-Detmold
County of Lippe-Schwalenberg
County of Sternberg-Schwalenberg
County of Lippe-Biesterfeld
County of Schaumburg-Lippe
County of Lippe-Weissenfeld
Principality of Lippe
Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
Hereditary Princes of Lippe
Nassau:
County of Nassau-Weilburg
County of Nassau-Dillenberg
Duchy of Nassau-Weilburg
Saxony:
Dukes of Saxony (Hattonids)
Duchy of Saxony (Billungs)
Duchy of Saxony (Supplinburg)
Duchy of Saxony (Welfs)
Duchy of Saxony (Ascanians)
Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
Duchy of Saxe-Molln-Bergedorf
Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg
Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Wittenberg)
Electorate of Saxony (Wettins)
Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Thuringen)
Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Electorate of Saxony (Saxe-Meissen)
Kingdom of Saxony
Hereditary Kings of Saxony
Swabia:
Switzerland
Thuringia:
Kingdom of Thuringia
Counts of Thuringia
Landgraves of Thuringia
Westphalia / Westfalia:
Württemburg:
County of Württemburg
Duchy of Württemburg
Kingdom of Württemburg
NORTHERN EUROPE
Scandinavia:
Fenno-Scandinavia
Denmark (Danes)
Kvenland
Norway
Sweden (Swedes)
Angeln (Angles)
Anglian Minor Princes
Geats (Yeats)
Jutes (Eudoses)
Jutland (Danish Princes)
Upsal
Kings of the Swedes
Kingdom of Denmark
Kingdom of Norway (& Iceland & Greenland)
Kingdom of Sweden
Eastern Baltic Coast:
Courland / Kurzeme
Dorpat / Tartu
Estonia (Eesti)
Latvia (Latvija)
Lithuania (Lietuva)
Ösel-Wiek / Saaremaa and Läänemaa
Prussia
Samogitia (Zemaitija)
Kvenland (of the Kainu)
Principality of Gersik
Principality of Koknese
Churches of Estonia An index of churches in Estonia, which are low in number but high in uniqueness.
Northern Crusade Period:
Livonian Order
Teutonic Knights
Prince-Bishops of Livonia
Prince-Bishops of Dorpat
Danish Governors of Estonia
Bishops of Reval (Tallinn)
Prince-Bishops of Ösel-Wiek
Prince-Bishops of Courland
Grand Duchy & Kingdom of Lithuania
Bishops of Ermland
Bishops of Culm (Chelmno)
Bishops of Pomesania
Swedish Rulers of Österland (Kvenland / Finland)
Bishops of Samland (Sambia)
Archbishopric of Riga / Prince-Bishops of Livonia
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Prince-Bishops of Warmia
Castles A growing collection of photobox pages featuring castles in Britain & Europe.
Polish / Swedish Period:
Elders of Samogitia
Duchy of East Prussia
Polish Governors of Livonia
Duchy of Courland & Semigallia
Duchy of Ösel
Swedish Governors of Estonia / Duchy of Estonia
Grand Duchy of Finland (Kvenland)
Swedish Prussia
Swedish Governors-General of Livonia
Latgallia / Polish Livonia
Swedish Governors of Ösel
Russian / Modern Period:
Russian Governors of Estonia
Russian Governors of Livonia
Russian Baltic Provinces
Russian Governors of Courland
Russian Governors of Lithuania
Russian Grand Duchy of Finland
Modern Estonia
Modern Finland
Modern Kaliningrad
Modern Latvia
Modern Lithuania
EASTERN EUROPE
Albania:
Kingdom of Albania
Modern Albania
Belarus:
Polotsk
Bohemia / Moravia: Czech Republic / Slovakia:
Slav Kingdom in Carinthia, Hungary & Moravia
Kingdom of Great Moravia
Duchy of Bohemia-Moravia
Kingdom of Bohemia-Moravia
Kingdom of Bohemia (Luxembourg)
Kingdom of Bohemia (Non-Dynastic)
Modern Czech Republic & Slovakia
Bosnia:
Kingdom of Bosnia
Bulgaria:
Kutrigur Bulgars
Utigur Bulgars
Great Bulgaria
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Empire of Bulgaria
Cometupoli Western Bulgarian State
Asens of Bulgaria
Terters of Bulgaria
Principality of Bulgaria
Modern Bulgaria
Carinthia:
Principality of Khorushka / Carantania
Duchy of Carinthia (Non-Dynastic)
Duchy of Carinthia (Spontheim)
Duchy of Carinthia (Premyslid)
Duchy of Carinthia (Habsburg)
Duchy of Carinthia (Tirol)
Duchy of Carinthia (Habsburg Inner Austria)
Istria
Caucuses:
Armenia
Georgia
Alans of the Caucuses
Kingdom of Alania
Modern Armenia
Modern Georgia
Modern Ossetia (Alania)
Crimea:
Khans of the Crimea
Croatia:
Dukes of Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia
Modern Croatia
Georgia:
Kingdom of Kolkis (Colchis / Qulha)
Kingdom of Iberia (Kartli)
Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkis / Lazica)
Kingdom of Abasgia (Abkhazia)
Kingdom of Georgia
Kingdom of Kartli
Kingdom of Kakhetia
Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Georgia)
Kingdom of Imeretia
Hungary:
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary & Croatia
Modern Hungary
Transylvania
Monte Negro:
Principality of Monte Negro
Poland:
Western Polans
Duchy & Kingdom of Poland (Piast)
Kingdom of Poland (Anjou-Hungary)
Kingdom of Poland (Jagiellan)
Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania / Commonwealth
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
Polish Kingdom / Congress of Poland
Modern Poland
Galicia
Mazovia
Halychyna (Galicia) / Halych-Volynia
Beylerbeys of Podolia
Kingdom of Galicia & Lodomeria
Pomerania / Pommern
Duchy of Pomerania
Pomeranian Branches
Churches of Poland An index of churches across the northern regions of this largely rural country.
Romania:
Principality of Moldavia
Principality of Wallachia
Kingdom of Rumania (Hohenzollern)
Modern Romania
Russia:
Grand Principality of Kiev
Grand Dukes of Vladimir
Grand Dukes of Moscow State
Czarate of all the Russias
Romanov Czars of the Russias
Modern Russia
Serbia:
Kingdom of Serbia
Empire of Serbia
Principality of Serbia
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Modern Serbia
Slovenia:
Margraves of Slovenia
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Crete:
Early Minoan Crete
Middle Minoan Crete
Late Minoan Crete
Achaean (Mycenaean) Crete
Kingdom of Alashiya / Alasiya (Enkomi)
Kingdom of Salamis
Christian Kingdom of Cyprus
Mycenaean Greece:
Athens
Corinth (Ephyra)
Iolkos
Laconia (Lacedaemon)
Mycenae
Pelasgians
Phthia
Thrace
Dark Age/Archaic/ Classical/Hellenic Greece:
Corinth
Epirus (Molossians)
Laconia
Macedonia / Macedon
Argead Kings of Macedonia
Great Kings of Macedonia
Antipatrid Kings of Macedonia
Antigonid Kings of Macedonia
Sparta
Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace
Tribal Kingdom of the Bessoi
Argead Dynasty
Lysimachian Empire
Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace (Restored)
Tribal Kingdom of the Canites
Tribal Kingdom of the Odrissae
Tribal Kingdom of Astean
Kingdom of Sapes
Magna Graecia States (Index)
Mycenaean or Greek States in Asia Minor (Index)
Roman (Byzantine) Greece:
Macedonia & Thrace
Dynasty of Theodosius
Dynasty of Leo
Dynasty of Justinian
Dynasty of Heraclius
Isaurian (Iconoclastic) Dynasty
End of the Isaurian / Nicophoran Dynasty
Phrygian Dynasty
Macedonian Dynasty
Prelude to the Comnenian Dynasty
Dynasty of the Comneni
Dynasty of the Angeli
Eastern Roman Emperors In Nicæa
Rival Eastern Emperors In Trebizond
Rival Eastern Emperors In Epirus
Latin Emperors At Constantinople
Dynasty of the Palæologus
Despots of Morea
Dynasty of the Palæologus (Continued)
Fourth Crusade States
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Duchy of Athens
Principality of Achaia
Later Greece:
Kingdom of Greece
Modern Greece
Later Asia Minor:
Ottoman Empire
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